Shafto Patrick, Coley John D
Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2003 Jul;29(4):641-9. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.29.4.641.
Two experiments investigate the role of similarity and causal-ecological knowledge in expert and novice categorization and reasoning. In Experiment 1, university undergraduates and commercial fishermen sorted marine creatures into groups; although there was substantial agreement, novices sorted largely on the basis of appearance, whereas experts often cited commercial, ecological, or behavioral factors, and systematically subdivided fish on the basis of ecological niche. In Experiment 2, experts and novices were asked to generalize a blank property or novel disease from a pair of marine creatures. Novices relied on similarity to guide generalizations. Experts used similarity to reason about blank properties but ecological relations to reason about diseases. Expertise appears to involve knowledge of multiple relations among entities and context-sensitive application of those relations.
两项实验探究了相似性和因果生态知识在专家和新手分类及推理中的作用。在实验1中，大学本科生和商业渔民将海洋生物进行分组；尽管存在大量共识，但新手主要依据外观进行分类，而专家则经常提及商业、生态或行为因素，并根据生态位对鱼类进行系统细分。在实验2中，专家和新手被要求从一对海洋生物中归纳出一个空白属性或一种新疾病。新手依靠相似性来指导归纳。专家利用相似性对空白属性进行推理，但利用生态关系对疾病进行推理。专业知识似乎涉及对实体间多种关系的了解以及对这些关系的情境敏感应用。
