Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto , 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A4.
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Centre for Environmental Engineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
Environ Sci Technol. 2016 Dec 20;50(24):13574-13584. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04882. Epub 2016 Dec 6.
A life cycle-based model, OSTUM (Oil Sands Technologies for Upgrading Model), which evaluates the energy intensity and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of current oil sands upgrading technologies, is developed. Upgrading converts oil sands bitumen into high quality synthetic crude oil (SCO), a refinery feedstock. OSTUM's novel attributes include the following: the breadth of technologies and upgrading operations options that can be analyzed, energy intensity and GHG emissions being estimated at the process unit level, it not being dependent on a proprietary process simulator, and use of publicly available data. OSTUM is applied to a hypothetical, but realistic, upgrading operation based on delayed coking, the most common upgrading technology, resulting in emissions of 328 kg COe/m SCO. The primary contributor to upgrading emissions (45%) is the use of natural gas for hydrogen production through steam methane reforming, followed by the use of natural gas as fuel in the rest of the process units' heaters (39%). OSTUM's results are in agreement with those of a process simulation model developed by CanmetENERGY, other literature, and confidential data of a commercial upgrading operation. For the application of the model, emissions are found to be most sensitive to the amount of natural gas utilized as feedstock by the steam methane reformer. OSTUM is capable of evaluating the impact of different technologies, feedstock qualities, operating conditions, and fuel mixes on upgrading emissions, and its life cycle perspective allows easy incorporation of results into well-to-wheel analyses.
开发了一种基于生命周期的模型 OSTUM（油砂升级技术模型），用于评估当前油砂升级技术的能源强度和温室气体（GHG）排放。升级将油砂沥青转化为高质量的合成原油（SCO），这是炼油厂的原料。OSTUM 的新颖特性包括以下几点：可以分析的技术和升级操作选项的广泛程度、在工艺单元级别估算能源强度和 GHG 排放、不依赖专有工艺模拟器以及使用公开可用的数据。OSTUM 应用于基于延迟焦化的假设但现实的升级操作，延迟焦化是最常见的升级技术，导致每立方米 SCO 排放 328 千克 COe。升级排放的主要贡献者（45%）是通过蒸汽甲烷重整将天然气用于制氢，其次是天然气在其余工艺单元加热器中的燃料用途（39%）。OSTUM 的结果与加拿大能源研究院开发的工艺模拟模型、其他文献以及商业升级操作的机密数据一致。对于模型的应用，发现排放对蒸汽甲烷重整器用作原料的天然气数量最为敏感。OSTUM 能够评估不同技术、原料质量、操作条件和燃料组合对升级排放的影响，并且其生命周期视角允许将结果轻松纳入到从油井到车轮的分析中。
