Parker Heidi G, Harris Alexander, Dreger Dayna L, Davis Brian W, Ostrander Elaine A
National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2017 Feb 5;372(1713). doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0488.
An extraordinary amount of genomic variation is contained within the chromosomes of domestic dogs, manifesting as dramatic differences in morphology, behaviour and disease susceptibility. Morphology, in particular, has been a topic of enormous interest as biologists struggle to understand the small window of dog domestication from wolves, and the division of dogs into pure breeding, closed populations termed breeds. Many traits related to morphology, including body size, leg length and skull shape, have been under selection as part of the standard descriptions for the nearly 400 breeds recognized worldwide. Just as important, however, are the minor traits that have undergone selection by fanciers and breeders to define dogs of a particular appearance, such as tail length, ear position, back arch and variation in fur (pelage) growth patterns. In this paper, we both review and present new data for traits associated with pelage including fur length, curl, growth, shedding and even the presence or absence of fur. Finally, we report the discovery of a new gene associated with the absence of coat in the American Hairless Terrier breed.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity'.
家犬的染色体中包含了数量惊人的基因组变异，表现为形态、行为和疾病易感性方面的显著差异。特别是形态学，一直是生物学家们极为感兴趣的话题，他们努力去理解狗从狼驯化而来的短暂过程，以及狗被划分成纯种、封闭群体（即品种）的情况。许多与形态相关的特征，包括体型大小、腿的长度和头骨形状，都在被选择之列，成为全球近400个公认品种的标准描述的一部分。然而，同样重要的是那些被爱好者和育种者选择用来定义具有特定外观的狗的次要特征，比如尾巴长度、耳朵位置、背部弯曲度以及毛发（被毛）生长模式的变化。在本文中，我们既回顾了与被毛相关的特征（包括毛长、卷曲度、生长、脱毛甚至有无毛发）的已有数据，又展示了新的数据。最后，我们报告了在美国无毛梗品种中发现的一个与无毛相关的新基因。本文是主题为“基因组学时代的进化发育生物学与形态多样性的起源”特刊的一部分。
