Cullen William R, Liu Qingqing, Lu Xiufen, McKnight-Whitford Anthony, Peng Hanyong, Popowich Aleksandra, Yan Xiaowen, Zhang Qi, Fricke Michael, Sun Hongsui, Le X Chris
Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
J Environ Sci (China). 2016 Nov;49:7-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.11.004. Epub 2016 Nov 28.
Hundreds of millions of people around the world are exposed to elevated concentrations of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds, increasing the risk of a wide range of health effects. Studies of the environmental fate and human health effects of arsenic require authentic arsenic compounds. We summarize here the synthesis and characterization of more than a dozen methylated and thiolated arsenic compounds that are not commercially available. We discuss the methods of synthesis for the following 14 trivalent (III) and pentavalent (V) arsenic compounds: monomethylarsonous acid (MMA), dicysteinylmethyldithioarsenite (MMA(Cys)), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), monomethylmonothioarsonic acid (MMMTA) or monothio-MMA, monomethyldithioarsonic acid (MMDTA) or dithio-MMA, monomethyltrithioarsonate (MMTTA) or trithio-MMA, dimethylarsinous acid (DMA), dimethylarsino-glutathione (DMA(SG)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTA) or monothio-DMA, dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTA) or dithio-DMA, trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), arsenobetaine (AsB), and an arsenicin-A model compound. We have reviewed and compared the available methods, synthesized the arsenic compounds in our laboratories, and provided characterization information. On the basis of reaction yield, ease of synthesis and purification of product, safety considerations, and our experience, we recommend a method for the synthesis of each of these arsenic compounds.
全球数亿人接触到高浓度的无机和有机砷化合物，这增加了一系列健康影响的风险。对砷的环境归宿和人类健康影响的研究需要使用纯正的砷化合物。在此，我们总结了十几种无法通过商业途径获得的甲基化和硫醇化砷化合物的合成与表征。我们讨论了以下14种三价（III）和五价（V）砷化合物的合成方法：一甲基亚砷酸（MMA）、二巯基甲基二硫代亚砷酸盐（MMA(Cys)）、一甲基砷酸（MMA）、一甲基一硫代砷酸（MMMTA）或单硫代-MMA、一甲基二硫代砷酸（MMDTA）或二硫代-MMA、一甲基三硫代砷酸盐（MMTTA）或三硫代-MMA、二甲基亚砷酸（DMA）、二甲基亚砷基谷胱甘肽（DMA(SG)）、二甲基砷酸（DMA）、二甲基一硫代砷酸（DMMTA）或单硫代-DMA、二甲基二硫代砷酸（DMDTA）或二硫代-DMA、三甲基氧化砷（TMAO）、砷甜菜碱（AsB）以及一种砷菌素-A模型化合物。我们回顾并比较了现有的方法，在我们的实验室中合成了这些砷化合物，并提供了表征信息。基于反应产率、产物合成与纯化的难易程度、安全考虑以及我们的经验，我们推荐了每种砷化合物的合成方法。
