Hoy Karen S, Davydiuk Tetiana, Chen Xiaojian, Lau Chester, Schofield Jordan R M, Lu Xiufen, Graydon Jennifer A, Mitchell Ruth, Reichert Megan, Le X Chris
Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Food Qual Saf. 2023 Jul 27;7:fyad032. doi: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyad032. eCollection 2023.
Food and water are the main sources of human exposure to arsenic. It is important to determine arsenic species in food because the toxicities of arsenic vary greatly with its chemical speciation. Extensive research has focused on high concentrations of arsenic species in marine organisms. The concentrations of arsenic species in freshwater fish are much lower, and their determination presents analytical challenges. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on arsenic speciation in freshwater fish and discuss challenges and research needs. Fish samples are typically homogenized, and arsenic species are extracted using water/methanol with the assistance of sonication and enzyme treatment. Arsenic species in the extracts are commonly separated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, used in combination with HPLC and ICPMS, provides complementary information for the identification and characterization of arsenic species. The methods and perspectives discussed in this review, covering sample preparation, chromatography separation, and mass spectrometry detection, are directed to arsenic speciation in freshwater fish and applicable to studies of other food items. Despite progress made in arsenic speciation analysis, a large fraction of the total arsenic in freshwater fish remains unidentified. It is challenging to identify and quantify arsenic species present in complex sample matrices at very low concentrations. Further research is needed to improve the extraction efficiency, chromatographic resolution, detection sensitivity, and characterization capability.
食物和水是人类接触砷的主要来源。确定食物中的砷形态很重要，因为砷的毒性会因其化学形态的不同而有很大差异。大量研究聚焦于海洋生物中高浓度的砷形态。淡水鱼中砷形态的浓度要低得多，其测定存在分析挑战。在本综述中，我们总结了淡水鱼中砷形态的现有知识，并讨论了挑战和研究需求。鱼样本通常要进行均质化处理，然后在超声处理和酶处理的辅助下，用水/甲醇提取砷形态。提取物中的砷形态通常使用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）进行分离，并使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICPMS）进行检测。与HPLC和ICPMS联用的电喷雾电离串联质谱法，为砷形态的鉴定和表征提供了补充信息。本综述中讨论的方法和观点，涵盖了样品制备、色谱分离和质谱检测，针对的是淡水鱼中的砷形态，也适用于其他食品项目的研究。尽管砷形态分析取得了进展，但淡水鱼中很大一部分总砷仍未得到鉴定。在复杂样品基质中以极低浓度鉴定和定量砷形态具有挑战性。需要进一步研究以提高提取效率、色谱分辨率、检测灵敏度和表征能力。
