Lofrano G, Libralato G, Minetto D, De Gisi S, Todaro F, Conte B, Calabrò D, Quatraro L, Notarnicola M
Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Technical University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Feb;24(6):5189-5206. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-8281-x. Epub 2016 Dec 24.
Sediment tends to accumulate inorganic and persistent hydrophobic organic contaminants representing one of the main sinks and sources of pollution. Generally, contaminated sediment poses medium- and long-term risks to humans and ecosystem health; dredging activities or natural resuspension phenomena (i.e., strongly adverse weather conditions) can remobilize pollution releasing it into the water column. Thus, ex situ traditional remediation activities (i.e., dredging) can be hazardous compared to in situ techniques that try to keep to a minimum sediment mobilization, unless dredging is compulsory to reach a desired bathymetric level. We reviewed in situ physico-chemical (i.e., active mixing and thin capping, solidification/stabilization, chemical oxidation, dechlorination, electrokinetic separation, and sediment flushing) and bio-assisted treatments, including hybrid solutions (i.e., nanocomposite reactive capping, bioreactive capping, microbial electrochemical technologies). We found that significant gaps still remain into the knowledge about the application of in situ contaminated sediment remediation techniques from the technical and the practical viewpoint. Only activated carbon-based technologies are well developed and currently applied with several available case studies. The environmental implication of in situ remediation technologies was only shortly investigated on a long-term basis after its application, so it is not clear how they can really perform.
沉积物往往会积累无机和持久性疏水性有机污染物，这是主要的污染汇和污染源之一。一般来说，受污染的沉积物会对人类和生态系统健康构成中长期风险；疏浚活动或自然再悬浮现象（即恶劣天气条件）会使污染物重新活动，释放到水柱中。因此，与尽量减少沉积物搅动的原位技术相比，异位传统修复活动（即疏浚）可能具有危险性，除非疏浚是达到所需水深的必要手段。我们回顾了原位物理化学处理方法（即活性混合和薄覆盖、固化/稳定化、化学氧化、脱氯、电动分离和沉积物冲洗）以及生物辅助处理方法，包括混合解决方案（即纳米复合反应覆盖、生物反应覆盖、微生物电化学技术）。我们发现，从技术和实际角度来看，在原位污染沉积物修复技术应用的相关知识方面仍存在重大差距。只有基于活性炭的技术得到了充分发展，目前有多个可用的案例研究。原位修复技术的环境影响在应用后仅在长期基础上进行了简短研究，因此尚不清楚它们的实际效果如何。
