Tatarko J, van Donk S J, Ascough J C, Walker D G
USDA-ARS-PA, Agricultural Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
Iteris Incorporated, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
Heliyon. 2016 Dec 15;2(12):e00215. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00215. eCollection 2016 Dec.
Wind erosion not only affects agricultural productivity but also soil, air, and water quality. Dust and specifically particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM-10) has adverse effects on respiratory health and also reduces visibility along roadways, resulting in auto accidents. The Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) was developed by the USDA-Agricultural Research Service to simulate wind erosion and provide for conservation planning on cultivated agricultural lands. A companion product, known as the Single-Event Wind Erosion Evaluation Program (SWEEP), has also been developed which consists of the stand-alone WEPS erosion submodel combined with a graphical interface to simulate soil loss from single (i.e., daily) wind storm events. In addition to agricultural lands, wind driven dust emissions also occur from other anthropogenic sources such as construction sites, mined and reclaimed areas, landfills, and other disturbed lands. Although developed for agricultural fields, WEPS and SWEEP are useful tools for simulating erosion by wind for non-agricultural lands where typical agricultural practices are not employed. On disturbed lands, WEPS can be applied for simulating long-term (i.e., multi-year) erosion control strategies. SWEEP on the other hand was developed specifically for disturbed lands and can simulate potential soil loss for site- and date-specific planned surface conditions and control practices. This paper presents novel applications of WEPS and SWEEP for developing erosion control strategies on non-agricultural disturbed lands. Erosion control planning with WEPS and SWEEP using water and other dust suppressants, wind barriers, straw mulch, re-vegetation, and other management practices is demonstrated herein through the use of comparative simulation scenarios. The scenarios confirm the efficacy of the WEPS and SWEEP models as valuable tools for supporting the design of erosion control plans for disturbed lands that are not only cost-effective but also incorporate a science-based approach to risk assessment.
风蚀不仅影响农业生产力，还会影响土壤、空气和水质。灰尘，特别是粒径≤10微米的颗粒物（PM-10），会对呼吸系统健康产生不利影响，还会降低道路能见度，导致交通事故。美国农业部农业研究局开发了风蚀预测系统（WEPS），用于模拟风蚀，并为耕地的水土保持规划提供依据。还开发了一个配套产品，即单事件风蚀评估程序（SWEEP），它由独立的WEPS侵蚀子模型与图形界面组成，用于模拟单次（即每日）风暴事件造成的土壤流失。除了农田，风扬尘排放还来自其他人为源，如建筑工地、采矿和复垦区、垃圾填埋场及其他扰动土地。尽管WEPS和SWEEP是为农田开发的，但它们也是模拟未采用典型农业做法的非农业土地风蚀的有用工具。在扰动土地上，WEPS可用于模拟长期（即多年）侵蚀控制策略。另一方面，SWEEP是专门为扰动土地开发的，可针对特定地点和日期的规划地表条件及控制措施模拟潜在的土壤流失。本文介绍了WEPS和SWEEP在制定非农业扰动土地侵蚀控制策略方面的新应用。本文通过比较模拟情景展示了使用WEPS和SWEEP进行侵蚀控制规划，包括使用水和其他抑尘剂、防风障、秸秆覆盖、植被恢复及其他管理措施。这些情景证实了WEPS和SWEEP模型作为有价值工具的有效性，可用于支持设计不仅具有成本效益而且采用基于科学方法进行风险评估的扰动土地侵蚀控制计划。
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