Link Thomas M, Neumann Jan, Li Xiaojuan
Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
J Magn Reson Imaging. 2017 Apr;45(4):949-965. doi: 10.1002/jmri.25554. Epub 2016 Dec 26.
Cartilage loss is irreversible, and to date, no effective pharmacotherapies are available to protect or regenerate cartilage. Quantitative prestructural/compositional MR imaging techniques have been developed to characterize the cartilage matrix quality at a stage where abnormal findings are early and potentially reversible, allowing intervention to halt disease progression. The goal of this article is to critically review currently available technologies, present the basic concept behind these techniques, but also to investigate their suitability as imaging biomarkers including their validity, reproducibility, risk prediction and monitoring of therapy. Moreover, we highlighted important clinical applications. This review article focuses on the currently most relevant and clinically applicable technologies, such as T2 mapping, T2*, T1ρ, delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC), sodium imaging and glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer (gagCEST). To date, most information is available for T2 and T1ρ mapping. dGEMRIC has also been used in multiple clinical studies, although it requires Gd contrast administration. Sodium imaging and gagCEST are promising technologies but are dependent on high field strength and sophisticated software and hardware.
5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:949-965.
软骨损伤是不可逆的，迄今为止，尚无有效的药物疗法可用于保护或再生软骨。定量的结构前/成分磁共振成像技术已被开发出来，以在异常发现尚早且可能可逆的阶段表征软骨基质质量，从而能够进行干预以阻止疾病进展。本文的目的是对当前可用技术进行批判性综述，介绍这些技术背后的基本概念，同时研究它们作为成像生物标志物的适用性，包括其有效性、可重复性、风险预测和治疗监测。此外，我们强调了重要的临床应用。这篇综述文章重点关注当前最相关且临床适用的技术，如T2映射、T2*、T1ρ、软骨延迟钆增强磁共振成像（dGEMRIC）、钠成像和糖胺聚糖化学交换饱和转移（gagCEST）。迄今为止，关于T2和T1ρ映射的信息最多。dGEMRIC也已用于多项临床研究，尽管它需要注射钆造影剂。钠成像和gagCEST是很有前景的技术，但依赖于高场强以及复杂的软件和硬件。
5 《磁共振成像杂志》2017年；45:949 - 965
