Hames Raymond, Garfield Zachary, Garfield Melissa
Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
Department of Anthropology, University of Washington-Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, 98686, USA.
Arch Sex Behav. 2017 Jan;46(1):63-71. doi: 10.1007/s10508-016-0855-7. Epub 2016 Dec 27.
The cross-cultural ethnographic literature has traditionally used the label male "homosexuality" to describe sexual relationships between biological males without considering whether or not the concept encompasses primary sexual attraction to adult males. Although male androphilia seems to be found in all national populations, its universal existence in tribal populations has been questioned. Our goal is to review previous cross-cultural classifications and surveys of male same sex behavior to present a system that does justice to its varied expressions, especially as it is informed by contemporary sexuality research. Previous comparative research does not effectively distinguish male same sex behavior from male androphilia. Using the standard cross-cultural sample (SCCS) as a sampling frame and the ethnographic sources in the human relations area files and elsewhere, we present distributional data on various forms of male same sex behavior. The SCCS is useful because it is designed to be representative of all historically known social formations and the sample is designed to reduce similarities as a consequence of common descent or historical origin as well as reduce the probability of diffusion of sociocultural practices from one culture to another. Our results show that male same sex behavior as well as male androphilia is much more common than previously estimated in the SCCS. With our findings, we make an argument that male androphilia is a context-dependent cross-cultural universal.
传统上，跨文化民族志文献一直使用男性“同性恋”这一标签来描述生理男性之间的性关系，而没有考虑该概念是否涵盖对成年男性的原发性性吸引力。尽管男性对男性的爱慕似乎在所有国家人口中都有发现，但其在部落人口中的普遍存在受到了质疑。我们的目标是回顾以往对男性同性行为的跨文化分类和调查，以提出一个能公正对待其多样表现形式的体系，特别是鉴于当代性取向研究为其提供了信息。以往的比较研究未能有效区分男性同性行为和男性对男性的爱慕。以标准跨文化样本（SCCS）为抽样框架，并利用人际关系区域档案及其他地方的民族志资料，我们呈现了各种形式男性同性行为的分布数据。SCCS很有用，因为它旨在代表所有历史上已知的社会形态，且该样本旨在减少因共同血统或历史起源导致的相似性，以及降低社会文化习俗从一种文化传播到另一种文化的可能性。我们的结果表明，在SCCS中，男性同性行为以及男性对男性的爱慕比之前估计的更为普遍。基于我们的研究结果，我们认为男性对男性的爱慕是一种依赖于背景的跨文化普遍现象。
