Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology - School of Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology - School of Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
J Sex Med. 2021 Jan;18(1):4-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.09.011. Epub 2020 Nov 26.
Social constrictions or the lack of a clear awareness about one's sexual orientation may influence the ability of individuals to explicitly declare their sexual preferences. Thus, the actual prevalence of males' sexual attraction toward adult males, which is estimated by studies relying only on explicit questionnaires, may be biased. Conversely, the implicit measurement of androphilia may be a promising method to obtain more reliable data.
In the present work, explicit and implicit methods have been used to investigate the rates of explicit nonheterosexuality and implicit androphilia in a large sample of adult males from all around the world. For implicit androphilia, a rate consistent across the continents and close to that predicted by recent genetic models (about 15%) was expected. In contrast, for self-declared homosexuality, a lower and more variable rate was expected.
A sample of 1,050 participants was recruited through an online platform. All participants completed a short biographical questionnaire, an Autobiographical-Implicit Association Test, the Sexual Preference-Implicit Association Test, and an explicit measure of sexual orientation. The answers to these measures were used to explore explicit sexual orientation and implicit androphilia across six main geographical areas (Middle East and Africa, South America, North America, Asia, Europe, and Oceania).
The main outcome measures were the D score at the Sexual Preference-Implicit Association Test and the scores at the explicit measure of sexual orientation.
The rate of nonheterosexuality, which can be found using explicit measures, is rather low, variable (from 6.3% to 11.4%), and influenced by cultural factors. In contrast, the prevalence of androphilia resulting from implicit methods is higher and consistent across geographical areas (from 14.4% to 17.6%).
Studying the diffusion of adult males' androphilia may be useful to better understand sexual behaviors and preferences and to develop effective health promotion programs among males who have sex with males.
STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: The large and cross-cultural sample and the use of both implicit and explicit measures allowed for obtaining a detailed picture of adult males' sexual orientation and androphilia. The main limitations were the Web-based characteristics of the protocol and the lack of an investigation of actual sexual behaviors.
Compared with the explicit measurement of nonheterosexuality, the implicit measurement of sexual preferences showed a prevalence of androphilia among adult males that is higher, more stable across continents, and more consistent with the predictions of recent genetic models. Colledani D,A. Camperio Ciani Worldwide Internet Study Based on Implicit Association Test Revealed a Higher Prevalence of Adult Males' Androphilia than Ever Reported Before. J Sex Med 2021;18:4-16.
社会限制或对自身性取向缺乏清晰认识，可能会影响个体明确表达性偏好的能力。因此，仅依靠明确问卷进行研究估计的男性对成年男性的性吸引实际流行率可能存在偏差。相比之下，对男性性欲的内隐测量可能是获得更可靠数据的有前途的方法。
本研究采用内隐和外显方法，对来自世界各地的大量成年男性进行外显非异性恋和内隐男性性欲的比率研究。对于内隐的男性性欲，预计在各大陆的比率是一致的，且接近于最近遗传模型预测的比率（约 15%）。相比之下，对于自我报告的同性恋，预计比率较低且更具变异性。
通过在线平台招募了 1050 名参与者。所有参与者均完成了简短的传记问卷、自传体内隐联想测验、性偏好内隐联想测验和性取向的外显测量。这些测量的答案被用来探索六个主要地理区域（中东和非洲、南美洲、北美洲、亚洲、欧洲和大洋洲）的外显性取向和内隐男性性欲。
主要的结果测量指标是性偏好内隐联想测验的 D 分数和性取向外显测量的分数。
与外显的非异性恋测量相比，内隐的男性性欲测量显示成年男性的男性性欲流行率更高、更稳定，且更符合最近遗传模型的预测。Colledani D,A. Camperio Ciani 基于内隐联想测验的全球互联网研究显示，成年男性的男性性欲比以往报道的更为普遍。J Sex Med 2021;18:4-16.
