Antuñano M J, Mohler S R, Gosbee J W
Wright State University School of Medicine, Aerospace Medicine Program, Dayton, Ohio.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1989 Oct;60(10 Pt 1):996-1004.
Geographic disorientation in aviation operations results from the failure of an aircrew to recognize and/or maintain the desired position relative to the external ground and airspace environment. Becoming lost during flight, intruding inadvertently into unauthorized airspace, selecting a wrong airway, landing on the wrong runway, and approaching the wrong airport--with or without actual landing--are some examples of inflight geographic disorientation. This is a relatively common phenomenon that can be experienced by any pilot, regardless of experience level and the type of pilot certification. This paper analyzes 75 cases of geographic disorientation that occurred among air carrier pilots plus 16 cases among general aviation pilots between 1982 and 1987. Inflight geographic disorientation can result from a variety of aeromedical and human factors (aircrew, operational, environmental) which, interacting with each other, create the ideal conditions for the occurrence of this phenomenon. The adverse consequences of geographic disorientation for the aircrew, passengers and aircraft are delineated along with specific preventive measures.
航空作业中的地理定向障碍是指机组人员未能识别和/或维持相对于外部地面和空域环境的期望位置。在飞行中迷路、无意中闯入未经授权的空域、选择错误的航线、在错误的跑道降落以及接近错误的机场（无论是否实际降落）都是飞行中地理定向障碍的一些例子。这是一种相对常见的现象，任何飞行员，无论经验水平和飞行员执照类型如何，都可能遇到。本文分析了1982年至1987年间发生在航空公司飞行员中的75起地理定向障碍案例以及通用航空飞行员中的16起案例。飞行中的地理定向障碍可能由多种航空医学和人为因素（机组人员、操作、环境）导致，这些因素相互作用，为该现象的发生创造了理想条件。文中阐述了地理定向障碍对机组人员、乘客和飞机的不利后果以及具体的预防措施。
