Furley Philip, Schweizer Geoffrey
1 German Sport University Cologne.
2 University of Heidelberg.
J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2016 Dec;38(6):590-597. doi: 10.1123/jsep.2016-0192. Epub 2016 Dec 29.
The goal of the present paper was to investigate whether soccer referees' nonverbal behavior (NVB) differed based on the difficulty of their decisions and whether perceivers could detect these systematic variations. On the one hand, communicating confidence via NVB is emphasized in referee training. On the other hand, it seems feasible from a theoretical point of view that particularly following relatively difficult decisions referees have problems controlling their NVB. We conducted three experiments to investigate this question. Experiment 1 (N = 40) and Experiment 2 (N = 60) provided evidence that perceivers regard referees' NVB as less confident following ambiguous decisions as compared with following unambiguous decisions. Experiment 3 (N = 58) suggested that perceivers were more likely to debate with the referee when referees nonverbally communicated less confidence. We discuss consequences for referee training.
本文的目的是研究足球裁判的非语言行为（NVB）是否会因判罚难度而异，以及观察者是否能够察觉这些系统性变化。一方面，裁判培训强调通过非语言行为传达自信。另一方面，从理论角度来看，似乎可行的是，尤其是在做出相对困难的判罚后，裁判在控制自己的非语言行为方面会存在问题。我们进行了三项实验来研究这个问题。实验1（N = 40）和实验2（N = 60）提供了证据，表明与明确判罚相比，观察者认为裁判在模棱两可的判罚后的非语言行为传达的自信较少。实验3（N = 58）表明，当裁判通过非语言方式传达的自信较少时，观察者与裁判发生争论的可能性更大。我们讨论了对裁判培训的影响。
