Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam.
Pain Med. 2017 Jul 1;18(7):1264-1277. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnw280.
The aim of the present study was to examine whether cognitive functioning (i.e., memory and executive functioning) is related to self-reported presence of pain (i.e., affirmative answer to the question whether the individual feels pain) and experience of pain (i.e., intensity and affect) in adults with Down syndrome (DS).
DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS: Cross-sectional study of 224 adults with DS (mean age = 38.1 years, mild-severe intellectual disabilities) in the Netherlands.
File-based medical information was evaluated. Self-reported presence and experience of pain were assessed during a test session, both in rest and after movement (affect with the facial affective scale [FAS], intensity with the numeric rating scale [NRS]). Neuropsychological tests for memory and executive functioning were used.
Participants with lower memory scores were more likely to report the presence of pain, while controlling for age, gender, physical conditions that may cause pain, language comprehension, and vocabulary ( p = .030, 58.4% classification rate, N = 154). No statistically significant associations were found between executive functioning and self-reported presence of pain or between cognitive functioning and self-reported pain experience.
Memory seems to be related to the self-reported presence of pain in adults with DS after explicit inquiry, although the clinical use of this model is yet limited. Therefore, further research is needed for insight into the role of cognitive processes in self-report (e.g., involving aspects such as acquiescence and repeated measurements) to evaluate whether neuropsychological examination could contribute to pain assessment in DS.
本研究旨在探讨认知功能（即记忆和执行功能）是否与唐氏综合征（DS）成人的自我报告疼痛存在（即个体是否感到疼痛的肯定回答）和疼痛体验（即强度和情感）有关。
设计、设置和受试者：荷兰 224 名 DS 成人（平均年龄=38.1 岁，轻度至重度智力障碍）的横断面研究。
评估基于文件的医疗信息。在测试过程中，无论是在休息时还是在运动后（使用面部情感量表 [FAS] 评估情感，使用数字评分量表 [NRS] 评估强度），都评估了自我报告的疼痛存在和体验。使用记忆和执行功能的神经心理学测试。
在控制年龄、性别、可能导致疼痛的身体状况、语言理解和词汇量后，记忆得分较低的参与者更有可能报告存在疼痛（p=0.030，58.4%的分类率，n=154）。未发现执行功能与自我报告的疼痛存在之间以及认知功能与自我报告的疼痛体验之间存在统计学显著关联。
在明确询问后，记忆似乎与 DS 成人的自我报告疼痛存在有关，尽管该模型的临床应用仍有限。因此，需要进一步研究以深入了解认知过程在自我报告中的作用（例如，涉及默许和重复测量等方面），以评估神经心理学检查是否可以为 DS 的疼痛评估做出贡献。
