Kapeller Stefan, Dieckmann Ulf, Schueler Silvio
Department of Forest Genetics Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape Vienna Austria; Evolution and Ecology Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria.
Department of Forest Genetics Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape Vienna Austria.
Evol Appl. 2016 Oct 23;10(1):25-38. doi: 10.1111/eva.12413. eCollection 2017 Jan.
Predicting species distribution changes in global warming requires an understanding of how climatic constraints shape the genetic variation of adaptive traits and force local adaptations. To understand the genetic capacity of Norway spruce populations in Central Europe, we analyzed the variation in tree heights at the juvenile stage in common garden experiments established from the species' warm-dry to cold-moist distribution limits. We report the following findings: First, 47% of the total tree height variation at trial sites is attributable to the tree populations irrespective of site climate. Second, tree height variation within populations is higher at cold-moist trial sites than at warm-dry sites and higher within populations originating from cold-moist habitats than from warm-dry habitats. Third, for tree ages of 7-15 years, the variation within populations increases at cold-moist trial sites, whereas it remains constant at warm-dry sites. Fourth, tree height distributions are right-skewed at cold-moist trial sites, whereas they are nonskewed, but platykurtic at warm-dry sites. Our results suggest that in cold environments, climatic conditions impose stronger selection and probably restrict the distribution of spruce, whereas at the warm distribution limit, the species' realized niche might rather be controlled by external drivers, for example, forest insects.
预测全球变暖中物种分布的变化需要了解气候限制如何塑造适应性性状的遗传变异并推动局部适应。为了解中欧挪威云杉种群的遗传能力，我们在从该物种温暖干燥到寒冷湿润分布极限建立的共同园试验中，分析了幼龄阶段树高的变异。我们报告了以下发现：第一，试验地点树高总变异的47% 可归因于树木种群，与地点气候无关。第二，种群内树高变异在寒冷湿润试验地点高于温暖干燥地点，且来自寒冷湿润栖息地的种群内变异高于来自温暖干燥栖息地的种群。第三，对于7至15年树龄的树木，种群内变异在寒冷湿润试验地点增加，而在温暖干燥地点保持不变。第四，树高分布在寒冷湿润试验地点呈右偏态，而在温暖干燥地点无偏态但呈低峰态。我们的结果表明，在寒冷环境中，气候条件施加更强的选择并可能限制云杉的分布，而在温暖分布极限处，该物种的实际生态位可能更多地受外部驱动因素控制，例如森林昆虫。
