Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
Environ Int. 2017 Feb;99:131-150. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.016. Epub 2016 Dec 27.
The information obtained from the chemical analysis of specific human excretion products (biomarkers) in urban wastewater can be used to estimate the exposure or consumption of the population under investigation to a defined substance. A proper biomarker can provide relevant information about lifestyle habits, health and wellbeing, but its selection is not an easy task as it should fulfil several specific requirements in order to be successfully employed. This paper aims to summarize the current knowledge related to the most relevant biomarkers used so far. In addition, some potential wastewater biomarkers that could be used for future applications were evaluated. For this purpose, representative chemical classes have been chosen and grouped in four main categories: (i) those that provide estimates of lifestyle factors and substance use, (ii) those used to estimate the exposure to toxicants present in the environment and food, (iii) those that have the potential to provide information about public health and illness and (iv) those used to estimate the population size. To facilitate the evaluation of the eligibility of a compound as a biomarker, information, when available, on stability in urine and wastewater and pharmacokinetic data (i.e. metabolism and urinary excretion profile) has been reviewed. Finally, several needs and recommendations for future research are proposed.
从城市废水中特定人体排泄物（生物标志物）的化学分析中获得的信息可用于估计受调查人群对特定物质的暴露或消费。适当的生物标志物可以提供有关生活方式习惯、健康和福利的相关信息，但选择生物标志物并不是一件容易的事，因为它应该满足几个特定的要求才能成功应用。本文旨在总结迄今为止使用的最相关生物标志物的现有知识。此外，还评估了一些可能用于未来应用的潜在废水生物标志物。为此，选择了具有代表性的化学类别，并将其分为四大类：(i) 那些可用于估计生活方式因素和物质使用的生物标志物，(ii) 那些用于估计环境和食物中存在的有毒物质暴露的生物标志物，(iii) 那些具有提供有关公共卫生和疾病信息潜力的生物标志物，以及 (iv) 用于估计人口规模的生物标志物。为了便于评估化合物作为生物标志物的资格，在可用时，审查了在尿液和废水中的稳定性以及药代动力学数据（即代谢和尿液排泄特征）方面的信息。最后，提出了未来研究的一些需求和建议。
