Nudel D B, Hassett I, Gurian A, Diamant S, Weinhouse E, Gootman N
Schneider Children's Hospital, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York.
Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1989 Nov;28(11):500-5. doi: 10.1177/000992288902801103.
This study presents the physiological and psychological characteristics and the running histories of 16 subjects who began long distance running at age 4-12 years. Running duration was 3-15 years (mean 8.4 +/- 3.6 yrs). Seven children completed 41 marathons, seven 30-mile races, and eight 60-mile races. The other nine competed at shorter distances. All trained at 30-105 miles/week. Two stress fractures, one back sprain and one knee injury occurred. Athletes who reported injuries from recollection may have underreported some injuries. At age 15.4 +/- 4.2 years bone age was 15.3 +/- 2.6 years and height was at 51 +/- 26.0 percentile. Athletes had larger left ventricular diastolic diameter, higher max O2 uptake, and delayed onset of anaerobic metabolism compared to controls. Psychological profile: IQ = 121 +/- 11, scholastic grade point average (GPA) (n = 13) was less than or equal to 3.0 in four, 3.6-3.9 in four, and 4.0 in five. Cattell 16 personality factor (PF): Seven scored above the 85th percentile on boldness, warmth, conformity, sensitivity, dominance, and high drive with tension. Eight scored above the 93rd percentile for self discipline and emotional stability. Human Figure Drawing showed a distorted body image in seven. Two developed anorexia nervosa, and another girl committed suicide. Thus, high physical fitness and no growth retardation were observed. These runners, however, shared distinct positive and negative personality characteristics. The relatively high incidence of severe psychological disorders possibly suggests a need for psychological screening for young children entering a strenuous training program and for close monitoring for development of psychological problems during the program.
本研究呈现了16名4至12岁开始长跑的受试者的生理和心理特征以及跑步经历。跑步时长为3至15年（平均8.4±3.6年）。7名儿童完成了41场马拉松比赛、7场30英里比赛和8场60英里比赛。另外9名儿童参加较短距离的比赛。所有人每周训练30至105英里。发生了2例应力性骨折、1例背部扭伤和1例膝盖损伤。通过回忆报告受伤情况的运动员可能少报了一些损伤。在15.4±4.2岁时，骨龄为15.3±2.6岁，身高处于第51±26.0百分位。与对照组相比，运动员的左心室舒张直径更大、最大摄氧量更高，无氧代谢开始时间延迟。心理特征：智商=121±11，学业平均绩点（GPA）（n=13），4人小于或等于3.0，4人在3.6至3.9之间，5人在4.0。卡特尔16种人格因素（PF）：7人在大胆、热情、顺从、敏感、支配和高驱力伴紧张方面得分高于第85百分位。8人在自律和情绪稳定性方面得分高于第93百分位。人物绘画测试显示7人存在身体形象扭曲。2人患神经性厌食症，另有1名女孩自杀。因此，观察到这些运动员身体素质良好且没有生长发育迟缓。然而，这些跑步者具有明显的积极和消极人格特征。严重心理障碍的相对高发病率可能表明，对于进入高强度训练项目的幼儿需要进行心理筛查，并在项目期间密切监测心理问题的发展。
