Bakhyia Nadiya, Dusemund Birgit, Richter Klaus, Lindtner Oliver, Hirsch-Ernst Karen Ildico, Schäfer Bernd, Lampen Alfonso
Abt. Lebensmittelsicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland.
Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2017 Mar;60(3):323-331. doi: 10.1007/s00103-016-2506-5.
Synephrine is a sympathomimetic phenylethylamine derivative that occurs naturally in citrus fruits. It is often added to dietary supplements intended for weight loss and enhancement of sports performance, typically in the form of Citrus aurantium extracts and in many cases in combination with caffeine. The health risks of synephrine were evaluated on the basis of the available toxicological data and in accordance to the EFSA guidance on the safety assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations intended for use in food supplements. In animal studies, orally applied synephrine induced adrenergic effects on the cardiovascular system (increase of blood pressure, ventricular arrhythmias), which were enhanced by the concomitant application of caffeine as well as physical activity. Some human intervention studies investigating the acute effects of synephrine on blood pressure and heart rate of healthy, normotensive test persons indicate that synephrine can induce cardiovascular effects in humans. A series of published case reports of adverse cardiovascular effects (hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial infarction) were associated with consumption of synephrine- and caffeine-containing dietary supplements. In conclusion, consumption of high amounts of synephrine, especially in combination with caffeine and physical exercise, is associated with an increased risk of adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. According to the assessment by the BfR (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung), daily intake of synephrine through dietary supplements should not exceed the median intake from conventional foods.
辛弗林是一种拟交感神经的苯乙胺衍生物，天然存在于柑橘类水果中。它常被添加到旨在减肥和提高运动表现的膳食补充剂中，通常以枳实提取物的形式，并且在许多情况下与咖啡因结合使用。根据现有的毒理学数据，并按照欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）关于用于食品补充剂的植物和植物制剂安全评估的指南，对辛弗林的健康风险进行了评估。在动物研究中，口服辛弗林会对心血管系统产生肾上腺素能效应（血压升高、室性心律失常），同时服用咖啡因以及进行体育活动会增强这些效应。一些针对健康、血压正常的受试人员研究辛弗林对血压和心率急性影响的人体干预研究表明，辛弗林可在人体中诱发心血管效应。一系列已发表的关于不良心血管效应（高血压、心律失常、心肌梗死）的病例报告与食用含辛弗林和咖啡因的膳食补充剂有关。总之，大量食用辛弗林，尤其是与咖啡因和体育锻炼同时食用，会增加对心血管系统产生不良影响的风险。根据德国风险评估研究所（BfR）的评估，通过膳食补充剂每日摄入的辛弗林不应超过传统食物中的中位摄入量。
