Perova I B, Eller K I, Musatov A V, Tymolskaya E V
Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240, Moscow, Russian Federation.
Vopr Pitan. 2021;90(6):101-113. doi: 10.33029/0042-8833-2021-90-6-101-113. Epub 2021 Oct 26.
Synephrine is a natural protoalkaloid of the bitter orange Citrus aurantium L., it has structural similarity to ephedrine and adrenaline. Synephrine in the form of bitter orange extract is widely used as an ingredient of dietary supplements (DS) and specialized foodstuffs (SF) intended for weight loss and fitness improvement. Along with thermogenic and lipolytic effects, synephrine can cause cardiovascular side effects, especially when combined with caffeine and physical activity. This aspect is important, insofar as the main consumers of weight loss products are overweight people who are at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. of the research is a hygienic assessment of the usage of bitter orange extract and synephrine in DS and SF, which includes an analysis of approaches to technical regulation in the Russian Federation and abroad, a review of data on biological activity, safety, types of adulteration and methods for the determination of citrus protoalkaloids. . The adrenergic effect of bitter orange is caused by the presence of R-(-)-psynephrine, making up about 90% or more of the total protoalkaloids. Dry bitter orange fruit extracts, standardized to synephrine content, which can vary from 4 to 98%, are used in the production of DS and SF. Synephrine is a weak adrenergic agonist, acting primarily through β-adrenergic receptors, stimulating lipolysis. Because of insufficient safety data, the consumption of synephrine is regulated in the Russian Federation and abroad. The upper permissible level of synephrine consumption in the Russian Federation is 30 mg per day. Various cases of adulteration of DS and SF for weight loss and sport nutrition have been revealed: undeclared addition of synephrine in the form of bitter orange extract, addition of synthetic synephrine, its isomers or analogs. The main method for the determination of synephrine and other biogenic amines in DS and SF is high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and/or mass detection. . The data presented in the review confirm the feasibility of developing an official method for determination of main protoalkaloids and monitoring of DS and SF for the content of synephrine and other citrus protoalkaloids on its basis.
辛弗林是酸橙（Citrus aurantium L.）中的一种天然原生物碱，其结构与麻黄碱和肾上腺素相似。以酸橙提取物形式存在的辛弗林被广泛用作膳食补充剂（DS）和专门用于减肥及改善健康状况的特殊食品（SF）的成分。除了产热和脂肪分解作用外，辛弗林还会引起心血管副作用，尤其是与咖啡因和体育活动同时使用时。鉴于减肥产品的主要消费者是有患心血管疾病风险的超重人群，这一点很重要。本研究的内容是对DS和SF中酸橙提取物和辛弗林使用情况的卫生评估，包括对俄罗斯联邦和国外技术法规方法的分析、对生物活性、安全性、掺假类型以及柑橘属原生物碱测定方法的数据综述。酸橙的肾上腺素能作用是由R - (-)-辛弗林的存在引起的，其占原生物碱总量的约90%或更多。标准化至辛弗林含量（含量范围为4%至98%）的干酸橙果实提取物用于DS和SF的生产。辛弗林是一种弱肾上腺素能激动剂，主要通过β - 肾上腺素能受体起作用，刺激脂肪分解。由于安全数据不足，俄罗斯联邦和国外对辛弗林的消费都有规定。俄罗斯联邦辛弗林的每日允许摄入量上限为30毫克。已发现减肥和运动营养用DS和SF存在各种掺假情况：以酸橙提取物形式未申报添加辛弗林、添加合成辛弗林及其异构体或类似物。测定DS和SF中辛弗林及其他生物胺的主要方法是带有紫外和/或质谱检测的高效液相色谱法。综述中呈现的数据证实了制定一种官方方法来测定主要原生物碱并在此基础上监测DS和SF中辛弗林及其他柑橘属原生物碱含量的可行性。
