Straube Benjamin, van Kemenade Bianca M, Arikan B Ezgi, Fiehler Katja, Leube Dirk T, Harris Laurence R, Kircher Tilo
Philipps-University Marburg, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Marburg, Germany.
Justus-Liebig University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Giessen, Germany.
PLoS One. 2017 Jan 6;12(1):e0169131. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169131. eCollection 2017.
Predictive mechanisms are essential to successfully interact with the environment and to compensate for delays in the transmission of neural signals. However, whether and how we predict multisensory action outcomes remains largely unknown. Here we investigated the existence of multisensory predictive mechanisms in a context where actions have outcomes in different modalities. During fMRI data acquisition auditory, visual and auditory-visual stimuli were presented in active and passive conditions. In the active condition, a self-initiated button press elicited the stimuli with variable short delays (0-417ms) between action and outcome, and participants had to detect the presence of a delay for auditory or visual outcome (task modality). In the passive condition, stimuli appeared automatically, and participants had to detect the number of stimulus modalities (unimodal/bimodal). For action consequences compared to identical but unpredictable control stimuli we observed suppression of the blood oxygen level depended (BOLD) response in a broad network including bilateral auditory and visual cortices. This effect was independent of task modality or stimulus modality and strongest for trials where no delay was detected (undetected<detected). In bimodal vs. unimodal conditions we found activation differences in the left cerebellum for detected vs. undetected trials and an increased cerebellar-sensory cortex connectivity. Thus, action-related predictive mechanisms lead to BOLD suppression in multiple sensory brain regions. These findings support the hypothesis of multisensory predictive mechanisms, which are probably conducted in the left cerebellum.
预测机制对于与环境成功互动以及补偿神经信号传输延迟至关重要。然而，我们是否以及如何预测多感官动作结果在很大程度上仍然未知。在这里，我们研究了在动作具有不同模态结果的情境中多感官预测机制的存在情况。在功能磁共振成像（fMRI）数据采集期间，听觉、视觉和视听刺激在主动和被动条件下呈现。在主动条件下，自我发起的按钮按下会引发刺激，动作与结果之间存在可变的短延迟（0 - 417毫秒），参与者必须检测听觉或视觉结果（任务模态）中延迟的存在。在被动条件下，刺激自动出现，参与者必须检测刺激模态的数量（单模态/双模态）。与相同但不可预测的对照刺激相比，对于动作后果，我们观察到在包括双侧听觉和视觉皮层的广泛网络中血氧水平依赖（BOLD）反应受到抑制。这种效应与任务模态或刺激模态无关，并且在未检测到延迟的试验中最强（未检测到<检测到）。在双模态与单模态条件下，我们发现对于检测到与未检测到的试验，左小脑存在激活差异，并且小脑 - 感觉皮层连接性增加。因此，与动作相关的预测机制导致多个感觉脑区的BOLD抑制。这些发现支持了多感官预测机制的假设，该机制可能在左小脑中进行。
