Laland Kevin N
University of St Andrews(UK).
Span J Psychol. 2017 Jan 9;19:E100. doi: 10.1017/sjp.2016.101.
Humans exhibit extensive large-scale cooperation, of a form unprecedented in the natural world. Here I suggest that this cooperation arises in our species alone because of our uniquely potent capacities for social learning, imitation and teaching, combined with the co-evolutionary feedbacks that these capabilities have generated on the human mind. Culture took human populations down evolutionary pathways not available to non-cultural species, either by creating conditions that promoted established cooperative mechanisms, such as indirect reciprocity and mutualism, or by generating novel cooperative mechanisms not seen in other taxa, such as cultural group selection. In the process, gene-culture co-evolution seemingly generated an evolved psychology, comprising an enhanced ability and motivation to learn, teach, communicate through language, imitate and emulate, as well as predispositions to docility, social tolerance, and the sharing of goals, intentions and attention. This evolved psychology is entirely different from that observed in any other animal, or that could have evolved through conventional selection on genes alone.
人类展现出广泛的大规模合作，这种合作形式在自然界中是前所未有的。在此我认为，这种合作仅在我们人类物种中出现，是因为我们拥有独特而强大的社会学习、模仿和教学能力，以及这些能力在人类思维上产生的共同进化反馈。文化使人类群体走上了非文化物种无法企及的进化道路，要么是通过创造促进既定合作机制（如间接互惠和互利共生）的条件，要么是通过产生其他分类群中未见的新型合作机制（如文化群体选择）。在此过程中，基因 - 文化共同进化似乎产生了一种进化心理学，包括增强的学习、教学、通过语言交流、模仿和仿效的能力与动机，以及温顺、社会容忍和目标、意图与注意力共享的倾向。这种进化心理学与在任何其他动物中观察到的，或仅通过对基因的传统选择可能进化出的心理学完全不同。
