Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Mar 1;581-582:237-257. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.115. Epub 2017 Jan 7.
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are derivatives of PAHs with at least one nitro-functional group (-NO) on the aromatic ring. The toxic effects of several nitro-PAHs are more pronounced than those of PAHs. Some nitro-PAHs are classified as possible or probable human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Nitro-PAHs are released into the environment from combustion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. fossil fuels, biomass, waste) and post-emission transformation of PAHs. Most studies on nitro-PAHs are about air (gas-phase and particulate matter), therefore less is known about the occurrence, concentrations, transport and fate of nitro-PAHs in soils, aquatic environment and biota. Studies on partition and exchange of nitro-PAHs between adjacent environmental compartments are also sparse. The concentrations of nitro-PAHs cannot easily be predicted from the intensity of anthropogenic activity or easily related to those of PAHs. This is because anthropogenic source strengths of nitro-PAHs are different from those of PAHs, and also nitro-PAHs have additional sources (formed by photochemical conversion of PAHs). The fate and transport of nitro-PAHs could be considerably different from their related PAHs because of their higher molecular weights and considerably different sorption mechanisms. Hence, specific knowledge on nitro-PAHs is required. Regulations on nitro-PAHs are also lacking. We present an extensive review of published literature on the sources, formation, physico-chemical properties, methods of determination, occurrence, concentration, transport, fate, (eco)toxicological and adverse health effects of nitro-PAHs. We also make suggestions and recommendations about data needs, and future research directions on nitro-PAHs. It is expected that this review will stimulate scientific discussion and provide the basis for further research and regulations on nitro-PAHs.
硝多环芳烃（硝基 PAHs）是多环芳烃（PAHs）的衍生物，其芳环上至少有一个硝基官能团（-NO）。几种硝基 PAHs 的毒性作用比 PAHs 更为明显。国际癌症研究机构将一些硝基 PAHs 归类为可能或可能的人类致癌物。硝基 PAHs 是通过含碳物质（如化石燃料、生物质、废物）的燃烧和 PAHs 的排放后转化而释放到环境中的。大多数关于硝基 PAHs 的研究都是关于空气（气相和颗粒物）的，因此关于它们在土壤、水生环境和生物群中的存在、浓度、迁移和归宿知之甚少。关于相邻环境隔室之间硝基 PAHs 的分配和交换的研究也很少。硝基 PAHs 的浓度不能轻易地从人为活动的强度来预测，也不能轻易地与 PAHs 的浓度相关。这是因为硝基 PAHs 的人为源强度与 PAHs 不同，而且硝基 PAHs 还有额外的来源（由 PAHs 的光化学转化形成）。由于分子量较高且吸附机制有很大差异，因此硝基 PAHs 的归宿和迁移可能与相关的 PAHs 有很大不同。因此，需要特定的硝基 PAHs 知识。关于硝基 PAHs 的法规也缺乏。我们对已发表的关于硝基 PAHs 的来源、形成、物理化学性质、测定方法、存在、浓度、迁移、归宿、（生态）毒性和不良健康影响的文献进行了广泛的综述。我们还就硝基 PAHs 的数据需求和未来研究方向提出了建议和建议。预计本次审查将激发科学讨论，并为进一步研究和制定关于硝基 PAHs 的法规提供基础。
