Christensen Krista Y, Raymond Michelle, Blackowicz Michael, Liu Yangyang, Thompson Brooke A, Anderson Henry A, Turyk Mary
Wisconsin Department of Health Services, 1 West Wilson Street, Madison, WI 53703, United States.
Wisconsin Department of Health Services, 1 West Wilson Street, Madison, WI 53703, United States.
Environ Res. 2017 Apr;154:145-151. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.032. Epub 2017 Jan 7.
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are an emerging class of contaminants. Certain PFAS are regulated or voluntarily limited due to concern about environmental persistence and adverse health effects, including thyroid disease and dyslipidemia. The major source of PFAS exposure in the general population is thought to be consumption of seafood.
In this analysis we examine PFAS levels and their determinants, as well as associations between PFAS levels and self-reported fish and shellfish consumption, using a representative sample of the U.S.
Data on PFAS levels and self-reported fish consumption over the past 30 days were collected from the 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Twelve different PFAS were measured in serum samples from participants. Ordinary least squares regression models were used to identify factors (demographic characteristics and fish consumption habits) associated with serum PFAS concentrations. Additional models were further adjusted for other potential exposures including military service and consumption of ready-to-eat and fast foods.
Seven PFAS were detected in at least 30% of participants and were examined in subsequent analyses (PFDA, PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, MPAH, PFNA, PFUA). The PFAS with the highest concentrations were PFOS, followed by PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA (medians of 8.3, 2.7, 1.5 and 1.0ng/mL). Fish consumption was generally low, with a median of 1.2 fish meals and 0.14 shellfish meals, reported over the past 30 days. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, total fish consumption was associated with reduced MPAH, and with elevated PFDE, PFNA and PFuDA. Shellfish consumption was associated with elevations of all PFAS examined except MPAH. Certain specific fish and shellfish types were also associated with specific PFAS. Adjustment for additional exposure variables resulted in little to no change in effect estimates for seafood variables.
PFAS are emerging contaminants with widespread exposure, persistence, and potential for adverse health effects. In the general population, fish and shellfish consumption are associated with PFAS levels, which may indicate an avenue for education and outreach.
全氟烷基物质（PFAS）是一类新出现的污染物。由于担心其在环境中的持久性以及对健康的不利影响，包括甲状腺疾病和血脂异常，某些PFAS受到监管或被自愿限制。一般人群中PFAS暴露的主要来源被认为是海鲜消费。
在本分析中，我们使用美国的代表性样本，研究PFAS水平及其决定因素，以及PFAS水平与自我报告的鱼类和贝类消费之间的关联。
从2007 - 2008年、2009 - 2010年、2011 - 2012年和2013 - 2014年的国家健康和营养检查调查周期中收集PFAS水平和过去30天自我报告的鱼类消费数据。在参与者的血清样本中测量了12种不同的PFAS。使用普通最小二乘回归模型来确定与血清PFAS浓度相关的因素（人口统计学特征和鱼类消费习惯）。其他模型进一步针对其他潜在暴露因素进行了调整，包括军事服役以及即食食品和快餐的消费情况。
在至少30%的参与者中检测到了7种PFAS，并在后续分析中进行了研究（全氟癸酸、全氟辛酸、全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟己烷磺酸、单甲基全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟萘酸、全氟十一烷酸）。浓度最高的PFAS是全氟辛烷磺酸，其次是全氟辛酸、全氟己烷磺酸和全氟萘酸（中位数分别为8.3、2.7、1.5和1.0纳克/毫升）。鱼类消费总体较低，过去30天报告的中位数为1.2次鱼餐和0.14次贝类餐。在调整了人口统计学特征后，总鱼类消费与单甲基全氟辛烷磺酸水平降低相关，与全氟二苯醚、全氟萘酸和全氟癸酸水平升高相关。贝类消费与除单甲基全氟辛烷磺酸外的所有检测到的PFAS水平升高相关。某些特定的鱼类和贝类类型也与特定的PFAS相关。对其他暴露变量进行调整后，海鲜变量的效应估计值几乎没有变化或没有变化。
PFAS是新出现的污染物，具有广泛的暴露、持久性以及对健康产生不利影响的可能性。在一般人群中，鱼类和贝类消费与PFAS水平相关，这可能为教育和宣传提供了一条途径。
