Heberlein Marianne T E, Turner Dennis C, Manser Marta B
Animal Behavior, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich.
J Comp Psychol. 2017 Feb;131(1):19-29. doi: 10.1037/com0000050. Epub 2017 Jan 12.
Attending to the perception of others may help individuals gaining information from conspecifics, or help in competitive situations. Dogs (Canis familiaris) are attentive to humans' signals and their attentional state. We investigated whether dogs of different breed groups differ in their ability to pay attention to human's perception, first according to the genetic relatedness between dog breeds, and second according to working style differences. Once dogs had learned to leave forbidden food on the floor, they were confronted with 2 food items to which only they had unrestricted visual access. The owners saw either none or 1 food item through a transparent barrier. Our results showed that dogs pay attention to the perception of humans, whereby differences between breed groups became obvious. Within different genetic groups, ancient and hunting type dogs performed similarly, they were more attentive to their owners' perception than shepherd and the mastiff type dogs. When comparing dogs classified according to their working style, independent workers and family dogs were attentive to the owner's perception, while cooperative workers seemed not. The dogs' choice could not be explained by a general or training induced preference for eating behind an opaque screen, or by an influence of the owner's possible intention to prevent the dog from taking the food item he could see. Our study confirms that dogs are attentive/sensitive to human's perception, but genetic and working style differences among the breeds, as well as dog sport experiences explain part of the variation seen in their performance. (PsycINFO Database Record
关注他人的感知可能有助于个体从同类那里获取信息，或者在竞争情境中有所帮助。狗（家犬）会留意人类的信号及其注意力状态。我们首先根据犬种之间的遗传相关性，其次根据工作方式差异，研究了不同犬种组的狗在关注人类感知能力方面是否存在差异。一旦狗学会将禁食留在地上，它们会面对两个只有它们能无限制看到的食物。主人透过透明屏障要么看不到任何食物，要么只能看到一个食物。我们的结果表明，狗会关注人类的感知，由此犬种组之间的差异变得明显。在不同的基因组中，古老犬种和狩猎型犬的表现相似，它们比牧羊犬和獒犬型犬更关注主人的感知。在根据工作方式分类的狗中，独立工作的狗和家庭宠物犬会关注主人的感知，而合作工作的狗似乎不会。狗的选择无法用对在不透明屏幕后进食的普遍偏好或训练导致的偏好来解释，也无法用主人可能阻止狗获取它能看到的食物的意图影响来解释。我们的研究证实，狗会关注/对人类的感知敏感，但犬种之间的遗传和工作方式差异以及犬类运动经历解释了它们表现中部分差异。（PsycINFO数据库记录
