Lorenz Antje, Zwitserlood Pienie
Department of Psychology, Neurocognitive Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin, Germany.
Department of Psychology, Psycholinguistics and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Münster Münster, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2016 Dec 27;7:1943. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01943. eCollection 2016.
This study examines the lexical representation and processing of noun-noun compounds and their grammatical gender during speech production in German, a language that codes for grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Using a picture-word interference paradigm, participants produced determiner-compound noun phrases in response to pictures, while ignoring written distractor words. Compound targets were either semantically transparent (e.g., birdhouse) or opaque (e.g., hotdog), and their constituent nouns either had the same or a different gender (internal gender match). Effects of gender-congruent but otherwise unrelated distractor nouns, and of two morphologically related distractors corresponding to the first or second constituent were assessed relative to a completely unrelated, gender-incongruent distractor baseline. Both constituent distractors strongly facilitated compound naming, and these effects were independent of the targets' semantic transparency. This supports retrieval of constituent morphemes for semantically transparent and opaque compounds during speech production. Furthermore, gender congruency between compounds and distractors did not speed up naming in general, but interacted with gender match of the compounds' constituent nouns, and their semantic transparency. A significant gender-congruency effect was obtained with semantically transparent compounds, consisting of two constituent nouns of the same gender, only. In principle, this pattern is compatible with a multiple lemma representation account for semantically transparent, but not for opaque compounds. The data also fit with a more parsimonious, holistic representation for all compounds at the lemma level, when differences in co-activation patterns for semantically transparent and opaque compounds are considered.
本研究考察了德语（一种对语法性（阳性、阴性和中性）进行编码的语言）言语产生过程中名词-名词复合词的词汇表征与加工及其语法性。采用图片-单词干扰范式，参与者在忽略书面干扰词的情况下，根据图片生成限定词-复合名词短语。复合目标词要么是语义透明的（如birdhouse），要么是不透明的（如hotdog），其组成名词要么具有相同的性，要么具有不同的性（内部性匹配）。相对于完全不相关、性不一致的干扰词基线，评估了性一致但其他方面不相关的干扰名词以及与第一个或第二个组成部分相对应的两个形态相关干扰词的影响。两个组成部分的干扰词都强烈促进了复合词命名，且这些影响与目标词的语义透明度无关。这支持了在言语产生过程中，语义透明和不透明复合词的组成语素的检索。此外，复合词与干扰词之间的性一致性一般不会加快命名速度，而是与复合词组成名词的性匹配及其语义透明度相互作用。仅在由两个同性组成名词构成的语义透明复合词中获得了显著的性一致性效应。原则上，这种模式与语义透明复合词的多重词元表征解释相符，但与不透明复合词不符。当考虑语义透明和不透明复合词在共激活模式上的差异时，数据也符合词元层面上所有复合词更简洁的整体表征。
