Ceretti Elisabetta, Moretti Massimo, Zerbini Ilaria, Villarini Milena, Zani Claudia, Monarca Silvano, Feretti Donatella
Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Unit of Public Health), University of Perugia , Italy.
J Public Health Res. 2016 Dec 21;5(3):769. doi: 10.4081/jphr.2016.769. eCollection 2016 Dec 9.
Many studies have shown the presence of numerous organic genotoxins and carcinogens in drinking water. These toxic substances derive not only from pollution, but also from the disinfection treatments, particularly when water is obtained from surface sources and then chlorinated. Most of the chlorinated compounds in drinking water are nonvolatile and are difficult to characterize. Thus, it has been proposed to study such complex mixtures using short-term genotoxicity tests predictive of carcinogenic activity. Mutagenicity of water before and after disinfection has mainly been studied by the Salmonella/microsome (Ames test); genotoxicity tests have also been performed in yeasts and mammalian cells; monitoring of genotoxins has also been performed using complete organisms such as aquatic animals or plants The combination of bioassay data together with results of chemical analyses would give us a more firm basis for the assessment of human health risks related to the consumption of drinking water. Tests with different genetic end-points complement each other with regard to sensitivity toward environmental genotoxins and are useful in detecting low genotoxicity levels which are expected in drinking water samples.
许多研究表明，饮用水中存在大量有机基因毒素和致癌物。这些有毒物质不仅源于污染，还源于消毒处理，特别是当水源自地表水然后进行氯化处理时。饮用水中的大多数氯化化合物是非挥发性的，难以表征。因此，有人提议使用预测致癌活性的短期基因毒性试验来研究此类复杂混合物。消毒前后水的致突变性主要通过沙门氏菌/微粒体试验（艾姆斯试验）进行研究；也已在酵母和哺乳动物细胞中进行了基因毒性试验；还使用水生动物或植物等完整生物体对基因毒素进行了监测。生物测定数据与化学分析结果相结合，将为评估与饮用水消费相关的人类健康风险提供更坚实的基础。针对环境基因毒素的敏感性，具有不同遗传终点的试验相互补充，有助于检测饮用水样本中预期的低基因毒性水平。
