Measures to prevent portable ladder accidents in the construction industry.

Ladder accidents account for nearly 5% of all reported occupational accidents in the Swedish construction industry. Eighty-five ladder accident victims were interviewed to obtain detailed information about factors contributing to their accidents. Accidents were almost equally divided between straight ladders (N = 39) and step- ladder (N = 33). The majority of accidents occurred while the victim was working from the ladder. Climbing up and, particularly, down straight ladders was associated with numerous accidents. For straight ladders, sliding at the base was the most common event preceding the injury. Low angle of inclination was a common contributing factor. For step-ladders, tipping sideways was the most common preceding event. Misstepping the final step while descending accounted for 10% of all accidents. More than 90% of the victims fell from less than 4 m. The interviews provided detailed information which served as a basis for proposals for alternatives to portable ladders; a step-scaffold adjustable for work at levels up to 3 m and a portable scaffold for work at levels of 1-3 m. These alternatives are under development. In addition, proposals for improving the stability of current portable ladders are made.