Hur Suzy S J, Cropley Jennifer E, Suter Catherine M
Victor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteDarlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
J Mol Endocrinol. 2017 Apr;58(3):R159-R168. doi: 10.1530/JME-16-0236. Epub 2017 Jan 18.
Parental health or exposures can affect the lifetime health outcomes of offspring, independently of inherited genotypes. Such 'epigenetic' effects occur over a broad range of environmental stressors, including defects in parental metabolism. Although maternal metabolic effects are well documented, it has only recently been established that that there is also an independent paternal contribution to long-term metabolic health. Both paternal undernutrition and overnutrition can induce metabolic phenotypes in immediate offspring, and in some cases, the induced phenotype can affect multiple generations, implying inheritance of an acquired trait. The male lineage transmission of metabolic disease risk in these cases implicates a heritable factor carried by sperm. Sperm-based transmission provides a tractable system to interrogate heritable epigenetic factors influencing metabolism, and as detailed here, animal models of paternal programming have already provided some significant insights. Here, we review the evidence for paternal programming of metabolism in humans and animal models, and the available evidence on potential underlying mechanisms. Programming by paternal metabolism can be observed in multiple species across animal phyla, suggesting that this phenomenon may have a unique evolutionary significance.
父母的健康状况或接触情况会影响后代的终生健康结果，而与遗传基因型无关。这种“表观遗传”效应发生在广泛的环境应激源中，包括父母新陈代谢的缺陷。虽然母体代谢效应已有充分记录，但直到最近才确定，父亲对长期代谢健康也有独立的影响。父亲营养不足和营养过剩都能在直接后代中诱发代谢表型，在某些情况下，诱发的表型会影响多代，这意味着获得性性状的遗传。在这些情况下，代谢疾病风险的父系遗传表明精子携带了一种可遗传因素。基于精子的遗传提供了一个易于处理的系统来探究影响新陈代谢的可遗传表观遗传因素，如下所述，父系编程的动物模型已经提供了一些重要的见解。在这里，我们综述了人类和动物模型中父系代谢编程的证据，以及关于潜在潜在机制的现有证据。父系代谢编程在动物界的多个物种中都能观察到，这表明这种现象可能具有独特的进化意义。
