Chalmers Peter N, Wimmer Markus A, Verma Nikhil N, Cole Brian J, Romeo Anthony A, Cvetanovich Gregory L, Pearl Michael L
Sports Health. 2017 May/Jun;9(3):216-221. doi: 10.1177/1941738116686545. Epub 2017 Jan 1.
The overhand pitch is one of the fastest known human motions and places enormous forces and torques on the upper extremity. Shoulder and elbow pain and injury are common in high-level pitchers. A large body of research has been conducted to understand the pitching motion.
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to gain a full understanding of all currently available biomechanical and clinical evidence surrounding pitching motion analysis. These motion analysis studies use video motion analysis, electromyography, electromagnetic sensors, and markered motion analysis. This review includes studies performed between 1983 and 2016.
Clinical review.
Level 5.
The pitching motion is a kinetic chain, in which the force generated by the large muscles of the lower extremity and trunk during the wind-up and stride phases are transferred to the ball through the shoulder and elbow during the cocking and acceleration phases. Numerous kinematic factors have been identified that increase shoulder and elbow torques, which are linked to increased risk for injury.
Altered knee flexion at ball release, early trunk rotation, loss of shoulder rotational range of motion, increased elbow flexion at ball release, high pitch velocity, and increased pitcher fatigue may increase shoulder and elbow torques and risk for injury.
上手投球是已知人类最快的动作之一，会在上肢产生巨大的力量和扭矩。肩部和肘部疼痛及损伤在高水平投手当中很常见。为了解投球动作已经开展了大量研究。
对文献进行全面综述，以充分了解目前所有围绕投球动作分析的生物力学和临床证据。这些动作分析研究使用视频动作分析、肌电图、电磁传感器和标记动作分析。本综述涵盖1983年至2016年期间开展的研究。
临床综述。
5级。
投球动作是一个动力链，在引臂和垫步阶段由下肢和躯干的大肌肉产生的力量，在曲肘和加速阶段通过肩部和肘部传递到球上。已经确定了许多增加肩部和肘部扭矩的运动学因素，这些因素与受伤风险增加有关。
球出手时膝关节屈曲改变、躯干过早旋转、肩部旋转活动范围丧失、球出手时肘部屈曲增加、投球速度快以及投手疲劳增加，可能会增加肩部和肘部扭矩以及受伤风险。
