Mate Bruce R, Irvine Ladd M, Palacios Daniel M
Marine Mammal Institute and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Newport OR USA.
Ecol Evol. 2016 Dec 20;7(2):585-595. doi: 10.1002/ece3.2649. eCollection 2017 Jan.
The development of high-resolution archival tag technologies has revolutionized our understanding of diving behavior in marine taxa such as sharks, turtles, and seals during their wide-ranging movements. However, similar applications for large whales have lagged behind due to the difficulty of keeping tags on the animals for extended periods of time. Here, we present a novel configuration of a transdermally attached biologging device called the Advanced Dive Behavior (ADB) tag. The ADB tag contains sensors that record hydrostatic pressure, three-axis accelerometers, magnetometers, water temperature, and light level, all sampled at 1 Hz. The ADB tag also collects Fastloc GPS locations and can send dive summary data through Service Argos, while staying attached to a whale for typical periods of 3-7 weeks before releasing for recovery and subsequent data download. ADB tags were deployed on sperm whales ( = 46), blue whales ( = 8), and fin whales ( = 5) from 2007 to 2015, resulting in attachment durations from 0 to 49.6 days, and recording 31 to 2,539 GPS locations and 27 to 2,918 dives per deployment. Archived dive profiles matched well with published dive shapes of each species from short-term records. For blue and fin whales, feeding lunges were detected using peaks in accelerometer data and matched corresponding vertical excursions in the depth record. In sperm whales, rapid orientation changes in the accelerometer data, often during the bottom phase of dives, were likely related to prey pursuit, representing a relative measure of foraging effort. Sperm whales were documented repeatedly diving to, and likely foraging along, the seafloor. Data from the temperature sensor described the vertical structure of the water column in all three species, extending from the surface to depths >1,600 m. In addition to providing information needed to construct multiweek time budgets, the ADB tag is well suited to studying the effects of anthropogenic sound on whales by allowing for pre- and post-exposure monitoring of the whale's dive behavior. This tag begins to bridge the gap between existing long-duration but low-data throughput tags, and short-duration, high-resolution data loggers.
高分辨率存档标签技术的发展彻底改变了我们对鲨鱼、海龟和海豹等海洋生物在大范围活动期间潜水行为的理解。然而，由于难以让标签长时间附着在大型鲸鱼身上，类似的应用在大型鲸鱼身上的发展滞后。在此，我们展示了一种名为高级潜水行为（ADB）标签的经皮附着生物记录装置的新颖配置。ADB标签包含记录静水压力、三轴加速度计、磁力计、水温及光照水平的传感器，所有数据均以1赫兹的频率采样。ADB标签还收集Fastloc GPS位置，并能通过Argos服务发送潜水总结数据，同时在附着于鲸鱼身上典型的3至7周时间内持续记录，之后释放以便回收及后续数据下载。2007年至2015年期间，ADB标签被部署在抹香鲸（n = 46）、蓝鲸（n = 8）和长须鲸（n = 5）身上，附着持续时间从0至49.6天不等，每次部署记录31至2539个GPS位置以及27至2918次潜水。存档的潜水剖面图与各物种短期记录中已发表的潜水形态匹配良好。对于蓝鲸和长须鲸，利用加速度计数据中的峰值检测到进食猛冲，并与深度记录中相应的垂直偏移相匹配。在抹香鲸中，加速度计数据中快速的方向变化，通常在潜水的底部阶段，可能与猎物追捕有关，代表了觅食努力的一种相对衡量。记录显示抹香鲸多次潜入海底并可能在海底觅食。温度传感器的数据描述了所有这三个物种水柱的垂直结构，从海面延伸至深度超过1600米处。除了提供构建数周时间预算所需的信息外，ADB标签还非常适合通过对鲸鱼潜水行为进行暴露前和暴露后监测来研究人为声音对鲸鱼的影响。这个标签开始弥合现有的长时间但低数据通量标签与短时间、高分辨率数据记录器之间的差距。
