Garcia Miriam, Power Michael L, Moyes Kasey M
Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Nutrition Laboratory, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia.
Am J Primatol. 2017 Mar;79(3):1-11. doi: 10.1002/ajp.22614. Epub 2016 Nov 2.
Differences in macronutrients between human and ape milks appear relatively small, but variation in other components such as immunoglobulins (Ig) may be greater. This study characterized the macronutrient and secretory (sIgA) profiles in milk from gorillas and orangutans throughout lactation. Fifty-three milk samples from four gorillas and three orangutans were collected throughout 48 and 22 months postpartum (MPP), respectively. Samples were grouped in five stages of lactation (0 to 6 months, more than 6 months to 12 months, more than 12 months to 18 months, more than 18 months to 36 months, and more than 36 months to 48 months). Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design. Concentration of sIgA did not change due to species or its interaction with MPP. Crude protein, regardless of MPP, was greater for gorillas compared with orangutans (1.27 vs. 0.85%). Fat, sugar, and gross energy were affected by the interaction of species × MPP. For gorilla milk, concentrations of sIgA were 43 mg/L at 6 MPP increasing to 79 mg/L at 48 MPP. Protein was highest at 48 MPP. Sugar was lowest at 48 MPP. Values for fat and gross energy were the highest 36 MPP. For orangutan milk, concentrations of sIgA were highest at 6 MPP. Sugar decreased with MPP. Protein, dry matter, or fat were unaffected by MPP. Gross energy content was steady during the first 18 MPP but it tended to decrease by 36 MPP. The results indicate that macronutrients are similar between human, published data, and great ape milk, though gorilla milk has higher protein and human milk higher fat (published data). Concentrations of sIgA in ape milk were about 10-fold lower than human values from the literature. Differences between human and ape milk may lie more in bioactive/immune molecules than nutrients.
Milk macronutrients from great apes differed throughout lactation. Milk macronutrients but not IgA from non-human great apes and humans were quite similar. Milk protein was greater in Gorilla compared with Orangutan.
人类乳汁和猿类乳汁中的常量营养素差异相对较小，但免疫球蛋白（Ig）等其他成分的差异可能更大。本研究对大猩猩和猩猩整个哺乳期乳汁中的常量营养素和分泌型（sIgA）特征进行了描述。分别在产后48个月和22个月内，从4只大猩猩和3只猩猩中采集了53份乳汁样本。样本按哺乳期的五个阶段分组（0至6个月、6个月以上至12个月、12个月以上至18个月、18个月以上至36个月、36个月以上至48个月）。数据作为完全随机设计进行分析。sIgA的浓度不会因物种或其与产后月龄的相互作用而改变。无论产后月龄如何，大猩猩乳汁中的粗蛋白含量均高于猩猩（1.27%对0.85%）。脂肪、糖和总能受物种×产后月龄相互作用的影响。对于大猩猩乳汁，产后6个月时sIgA浓度为43毫克/升，产后48个月时增至79毫克/升。蛋白质在产后48个月时含量最高。糖在产后48个月时含量最低。脂肪和总能的值在产后36个月时最高。对于猩猩乳汁，sIgA浓度在产后6个月时最高。糖随产后月龄降低。蛋白质、干物质或脂肪不受产后月龄影响。在产后前18个月内总能含量稳定，但在产后36个月时趋于下降。结果表明，人类、已发表数据中的乳汁常量营养素与类人猿乳汁相似，不过大猩猩乳汁的蛋白质含量更高，而人类乳汁的脂肪含量更高（已发表数据）。猿类乳汁中sIgA的浓度比文献中的人类值低约10倍。人类乳汁和猿类乳汁的差异可能更多地体现在生物活性/免疫分子而非营养素方面。
类人猿乳汁中的常量营养素在整个哺乳期有所不同。非人类类人猿和人类乳汁中的常量营养素相似，但IgA不同。大猩猩乳汁中的蛋白质含量高于猩猩。
