Kim Kyoung Mi, Abdelmohsen Kotb, Mustapic Maja, Kapogiannis Dimitrios, Gorospe Myriam
Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2017 Jul;8(4). doi: 10.1002/wrna.1413. Epub 2017 Jan 28.
Cells release a range of membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment. Among them, exosomes and microvesicles (collectively measuring 40-1000 nm in diameter) carry proteins, signaling lipids, and nucleic acids from donor cells to recipient cells, and thus have been proposed to serve as intercellular mediators of communication. EVs transport cellular materials in many physiologic processes, including differentiation, stem cell homeostasis, immune responses, and neuronal signaling. EVs are also increasingly recognized as having a direct role in pathologies such as cancer and neurodegeneration. Accordingly, EVs have been the focus of intense investigation as biomarkers of disease, prognostic indicators, and even therapeutic tools. Here, we review the classes of RNAs present in EVs, both coding RNAs (messenger RNAs) and noncoding RNAs (long noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs). The rising attention to EV-resident RNAs as biomarkers stems from the fact that RNAs can be detected at extremely low quantities using a number of methods. To illustrate the interest in EV biology, we discuss EV RNAs in cancer and neurodegeneration, two major age-associated disease processes. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1413. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1413 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
细胞会向周围环境释放一系列被膜包裹的细胞外囊泡（EVs）。其中，外泌体和微囊泡（直径总体在40 - 1000纳米之间）会将蛋白质、信号脂质和核酸从供体细胞传递到受体细胞，因此有人提出它们可作为细胞间通讯的介质。EVs在许多生理过程中运输细胞物质，包括分化、干细胞稳态、免疫反应和神经信号传导。EVs在诸如癌症和神经退行性变等病理过程中的直接作用也越来越受到认可。因此，EVs作为疾病的生物标志物、预后指标甚至治疗工具，一直是深入研究的焦点。在这里，我们综述了EVs中存在的各类RNA，包括编码RNA（信使RNA）和非编码RNA（长链非编码RNA、微小RNA和环状RNA）。对作为生物标志物的EVs内RNA的关注度不断提高，源于可以使用多种方法检测到极少量的RNA。为了说明对EV生物学的关注，我们讨论了癌症和神经退行性变这两个与年龄相关的主要疾病过程中的EV RNA。WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1413. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1413 有关本文的更多资源，请访问WIREs网站。
