Mapping DNA methylation with high-throughput nanopore sequencing.

DNA chemical modifications regulate genomic function. We present a framework for mapping cytosine and adenosine methylation with the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION using this nanopore sequencer's ionic current signal. We map three cytosine variants and two adenine variants. The results show that our model is sensitive enough to detect changes in genomic DNA methylation levels as a function of growth phase in Escherichia coli.