Assessment of Energy Metabolic Changes in Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells.

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC) are promising candidates for therapeutic applications in cardiovascular regenerative medicine. By definition, the phenotype ADSCs, e.g., the ubiquitous secretion of growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix components is not met in vivo, which renders ADSC a culture "artefact." The medium constituents therefore impact the efficacy of ADSC. Little attention has been paid to the energy source in medium, i.e., glucose, which feeds the cell's power plants: mitochondria. The role of mitochondria in stem cell biology goes beyond their function in ATP synthesis, because it includes cell signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, regulation of apoptosis, and aging. Appropriate application of ADSC for stem cells therapy of cardiovascular disease warrants knowledge of their mitochondrial phenotype and function. We discuss several methodologies for assessing ADSC mitochondrial function and structural changes under environmental cues, in particular, increased ROS caused by hyperglycemia.