Lefebvre J C, Jensen M P, Waters S J, Molton I R, Keefe F J, Caldwell D S
Wofford College, Spartanburg, USA.
University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
Eur J Pain. 2017 Aug;21(7):1154-1164. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1015. Epub 2017 Feb 23.
Worry can be conceptualized as a cognitive-affective automatic process initiated in order to address uncertainty and potential personal inadequacies that could result in negative outcomes. The purpose of the current study was to develop a measure of pain-specific worry - the Worry About Pain Questionnaire (WAPQ).
In study 1, responses of 335 pain-free participants were used to complete an item analysis and exploratory factors analysis to develop and assess the internal structure of the WAPQ. Study 2 included 224 pain-free participants who completed the WAPQ in order to confirm its factor structure, and to examine its relation to the experience of acute experimental pain. In study 3, 137 individuals with persistent pain were asked to complete the WAPQ as well as measures of pain and depressive symptoms.
The resulting 15-item measure assesses uncertainties and potential negative outcomes related to the experience of pain. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed a two-factor structure. Across all studies, the WAPQ was found to be related to measures of pain in clinical and non-clinical samples, acute experimental pain stimuli, as well as pain anxiety, pain catastrophizing, fear of pain, rumination and depressive symptomatology.
The results suggest that the WAPQ is a reliable and valid measure for the assessment of worry about pain that can be used to understand how pain-specific worries are related to the experience and impact of pain across different populations.
Worry has been assessed in pain populations using measures that assess worry in general. The current study shows a relationship between pain-specific worry and the experience of pain. Further, worry about pain is related to but not synonymous with pain catastrophizing.
担忧可被概念化为一种认知-情感自动过程，其启动是为了应对不确定性以及可能导致负面结果的潜在个人不足之处。本研究的目的是开发一种疼痛特异性担忧的测量工具——疼痛担忧问卷（WAPQ）。
在研究1中，335名无疼痛参与者的回答被用于完成项目分析和探索性因素分析，以开发和评估WAPQ的内部结构。研究2纳入了224名无疼痛参与者，他们完成了WAPQ，以确认其因素结构，并检验其与急性实验性疼痛体验的关系。在研究3中，137名患有持续性疼痛的个体被要求完成WAPQ以及疼痛和抑郁症状的测量。
最终得到的15项测量工具评估了与疼痛体验相关的不确定性和潜在负面结果。探索性和验证性因素分析的结果显示出双因素结构。在所有研究中，发现WAPQ与临床和非临床样本中的疼痛测量、急性实验性疼痛刺激以及疼痛焦虑、疼痛灾难化、疼痛恐惧、沉思和抑郁症状学相关。
结果表明，WAPQ是一种可靠且有效的疼痛担忧评估工具，可用于理解不同人群中疼痛特异性担忧与疼痛体验及影响之间的关系。
在疼痛人群中，担忧一直使用评估一般担忧的测量工具进行评估。本研究显示了疼痛特异性担忧与疼痛体验之间的关系。此外，对疼痛的担忧与疼痛灾难化相关但并非同义。
