Gosling Corentin J, Moutier Sylvain
Laboratory of Psychopathology and Health Processes (EA 4057), Department of Psychology, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris City University Paris, France.
Front Psychol. 2017 Feb 9;8:81. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00081. eCollection 2017.
Human risky decision-making is known to be highly susceptible to profit-motivated responses elicited by the way in which options are framed. In fact, studies investigating the framing effect have shown that the choice between sure and risky options depends on how these options are presented. Interestingly, the probability of gain of the risky option has been highlighted as one of the main factors causing variations in susceptibility to the framing effect. However, while it has been shown that high probabilities of gain of the risky option systematically lead to framing bias, questions remain about the influence of low probabilities of gain. Therefore, the first aim of this paper was to clarify the respective roles of high and low probabilities of gain in the framing effect. Due to the difference between studies using a within- or between-subjects design, we conducted a first study investigating the respective roles of these designs. For both designs, we showed that trials with a high probability of gain led to the framing effect whereas those with a low probability did not. Second, as emotions are known to play a key role in the framing effect, we sought to determine whether they are responsible for such a debiasing effect of the low probability of gain. Our second study thus investigated the relationship between emotion and the framing effect depending on high and low probabilities. Our results revealed that positive emotion was related to risk-seeking in the loss frame, but only for trials with a high probability of gain. Taken together, these results support the interpretation that low probabilities of gain suppress the framing effect because they prevent the positive emotion of gain anticipation.
众所周知，人类的风险决策极易受到选项呈现方式所引发的逐利反应的影响。事实上，对框架效应的研究表明，确定选项和风险选项之间的选择取决于这些选项的呈现方式。有趣的是，风险选项的获利概率已被视为导致框架效应易感性差异的主要因素之一。然而，虽然已表明风险选项的高获利概率会系统性地导致框架偏差，但关于低获利概率的影响仍存在疑问。因此，本文的首要目标是厘清高获利概率和低获利概率在框架效应中各自所起的作用。由于采用组内或组间设计的研究存在差异，我们开展了第一项研究来探究这些设计各自所起的作用。对于这两种设计，我们均发现高获利概率的试验会导致框架效应，而低获利概率的试验则不会。其次，鉴于情绪在框架效应中起着关键作用，我们试图确定情绪是否是低获利概率产生这种去偏效应的原因。因此，我们的第二项研究考察了情绪与框架效应之间的关系，具体取决于获利概率的高低。我们的结果显示，积极情绪与损失框架下的风险寻求相关，但仅针对高获利概率的试验。综上所述，这些结果支持了这样一种解释，即低获利概率会抑制框架效应，因为它们抑制了对获利预期的积极情绪。
