Romshoo Shakil A, Dar Reyaz Ahmad, Murtaza Khalid Omar, Rashid Irfan, Dar Farooq A
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190 006, India.
Environ Monit Assess. 2017 Mar;189(3):122. doi: 10.1007/s10661-017-5860-3. Epub 2017 Feb 24.
Physico-chemical groundwater (GW) parameters were evaluated to understand the hydrogeochemical processes in the Siwalik plains of Jammu and Kashmir, India. During the 2012-2013 post-monsoon (POM) and pre-monsoon (PRM) seasons, GW samples (n = 207) from deep bore wells and shallow open wells were chemically analysed. Cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K and Fe) and anions (HCO, Cl, SO and F) showed a wide spatio-temporal variation. Results suggest that weathering and dissolution of carbonates and silicate rocks is the main source of water mineralization. The major hydrochemical facies is characterized by Ca-Mg-HCO and Ca-HCO during the PRM and POM seasons respectively. The presence of sulphate-bearing water in a large number of the samples indicates a significant role of gypsum dissolution and anthropogenic contamination of the GW. Factor analysis (FA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed that the variability of hydrochemistry is mainly related to rock-water interaction, dissolution of carbonates and other lithological units as well as the influence of anthropogenic activities in the area. Overall, it was found that the GW quality is within the limits of human consumption. The higher concentration of a few chemicals indicates an increasing trend of industrial contamination of the GW. For sustainable development of the portable GW in Siwaliks, it is necessary to minimize the adverse impacts of the anthropogenic and industrial contamination on the GW resources through best management practices and prevent its further contamination to a level that could make GW unsuitable for human uses.
对印度查谟和克什米尔西瓦利克平原的物理化学地下水（GW）参数进行了评估，以了解其水文地球化学过程。在2012 - 2013年季风后（POM）和季风前（PRM）季节，对来自深钻孔井和浅敞口井的GW样本（n = 207）进行了化学分析。阳离子（Ca、Mg、Na、K和Fe）和阴离子（HCO、Cl、SO和F）呈现出广泛的时空变化。结果表明，碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的风化与溶解是水体矿化的主要来源。主要水化学相在PRM季节以Ca - Mg - HCO为特征，在POM季节以Ca - HCO为特征。大量样本中含硫酸盐的水的存在表明石膏溶解和GW的人为污染起到了重要作用。因子分析（FA）和层次聚类分析（HCA）表明，水化学的变异性主要与岩石 - 水相互作用、碳酸盐和其他岩性单元的溶解以及该地区人为活动的影响有关。总体而言，发现GW质量在人类消费的限值范围内。少数化学物质的较高浓度表明GW受到工业污染的趋势在增加。为了西瓦利克便携式GW的可持续发展，有必要通过最佳管理实践将人为和工业污染对GW资源的不利影响降至最低，并防止其进一步污染到使GW不适于人类使用的程度。
