Greenland S
Division of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health 90024.
Stat Med. 1987 Sep;6(6):701-8. doi: 10.1002/sim.4780060607.
A number of variance formulae for the attributable fraction have been presented, but none is consistent in sparse data, such as found in individually matched case-control studies. This paper employs Mantel-Haenszel estimation to derive variance estimators for attributable fractions that are dually consistent, that is, consistent in both sparse data and large strata. The method may also be applied using conditional maximum likelihood. Extensions of these estimators to situations involving effect modification and preventive exposures are also derived. Examples of applications to individually matched case-control studies are given.
针对归因分数已经提出了许多方差公式，但在稀疏数据中，如个体匹配病例对照研究中所发现的数据，没有一个公式是一致的。本文采用Mantel-Haenszel估计法来推导归因分数的方差估计量，这些估计量具有双重一致性，即在稀疏数据和大分层中都是一致的。该方法也可以使用条件最大似然法来应用。还推导了这些估计量在涉及效应修饰和预防性暴露情况中的扩展。给出了在个体匹配病例对照研究中的应用实例。
