Behavioral pieces of neuroethological puzzles.

In this review, I give a first-person account of surprising insights that have come from the behavioral dimension of neuroethological studies in my laboratory. These studies include the early attempts to understand the function of the nose in star-nosed moles and to explore its representation in the neocortex. This led to the discovery of a somatosensory fovea that parallels the visual fovea of primates in several ways. Subsequent experiments to investigate the assumed superiority of star-nosed moles to their relatives when locating food led to the unexpected discovery of stereo olfaction in common moles. The exceptional olfactory abilities of common moles, in turn, helped to explain an unusual bait-collecting technique called "worm-grunting" in the American southeast. Finally, the predatory behavior of tentacled snakes was best understood not by exploring their nervous system, but rather by considering fish nervous systems. These experiences highlight the difficulty of predicting the abilities of animals that have senses foreign to the investigator, and also the rewards of discovering the unexpected.