Goodwin-White Jamie
Department of Geography and California Center for Population Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Popul Space Place. 2016 Nov;22(8):807-822. doi: 10.1002/psp.1960. Epub 2015 Jun 16.
Research on immigrant and second generation outcomes has often examined their locations, following ideas that geographic dispersion facilitates social mobility, and that characteristics of the ethnic environment enable or constrain progress. I contend that second generation socioeconomic outcomes depend in part on the location choices and characteristics of a previous immigrant generation. Further, I suggest that this relationship reflects the changing geography of immigrants and labour markets, rather than geographically unfolding assimilation. Using the 1940, 1970, and 2000 Integrated Public Use Microdata Series files from the US Census, I regress second and 1.5 generation wage and educational outcomes in 1970 and 2000 on metro-area characteristics of a previous generation (1940 and 1970, respectively). Current labour market and second generation characteristics are included as controls and to facilitate interpretation. Characteristics of a previous immigrant generation's location were more important for second generation outcomes in the 1940-1970 period, while current place characteristics become more significant by 2000. There is evidence of selection operating through the positive intergenerational effects of places where immigrants' educational levels were high a generation ago. Metro-level immigrant concentration and manufacturing employment also have generally positive effects, although variations across generations and by nationality suggest their significance for social mobility is inadequately understood. The historical immigrant geographies of the US, and the ways in which metro labour market conditions intersect with immigrants' locational choices, both within and between generations, are thus a critical piece of the economic and spatial assimilation puzzle.
关于移民及其第二代的研究成果，常常关注他们的居住地点，这是基于地理分散有助于社会流动以及族裔环境的特征会促进或限制发展这一观点。我认为第二代的社会经济成果部分取决于前一代移民的居住地点选择及其特征。此外，我认为这种关系反映了移民和劳动力市场不断变化的地理分布，而非地理层面上展开的同化过程。利用美国人口普查局1940年、1970年和2000年的综合公共使用微观数据系列文件，我将1970年和2000年第二代及1.5代的工资和教育成果，对前一代（分别为1940年和1970年）的大都市区特征进行回归分析。当前劳动力市场和第二代的特征作为控制变量纳入，以方便解读。在前一代移民居住地点的特征对1940 - 1970年期间第二代的成果更为重要，而到2000年时，当前居住地点的特征变得更为显著。有证据表明，通过前一代移民教育水平较高地区的积极代际效应存在选择作用。大都市区层面的移民集中度和制造业就业通常也有积极影响，尽管不同代际和不同国籍之间存在差异，这表明人们对它们在社会流动方面的重要性理解不足。因此，美国历史上的移民地理分布，以及大都市区劳动力市场状况与移民居住地点选择在代内和代际之间的相互作用方式，都是经济和空间同化难题的关键部分。
