Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Τhessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Jul 15;590-591:592-601. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.233. Epub 2017 Mar 8.
Omeprazole is one of the world-wide most frequently prescribed and administered pharmaceuticals in humans for the relief of gastro-intestinal disorders. Despite its high worldwide consumption, omeprazole is rarely detected in urban wastewaters and environmental waters. On the other hand, its human urinary metabolites and transformation products formed through abiotic processes in the environment have been recently documented. Despite these available data, however, there is still a lack of information on the extent of environmental fate and occurrence, on elimination mechanisms and efficiencies in waste water treatment plants. In this study, the relevance of photodegradation processes on the environmental persistence of omeprazole under simulated and solar irradiation was investigated. Photodegradation experiments were performed in distilled water, lake, river and seawater, and revealed that the different matrix in natural waters significantly affect the photolytic behavior of the investigated compound. Overall, the results highlight that photodegradation process by solar irradiation significantly contributes to omeprazole degradation and elimination from the aquatic environment. TPs formed through the process were identified and elucidated by using liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. In total seven TPs were identified, among of which four were also detected as hydrolysis TPs. The Microtox bioassay showed that solar photolysis is efficient to detoxify omeprazole and its TPs in aqueous solutions. Finally, a systematic investigation was conducted in order to provide information on removal efficiency and occurrence of omeprazole and its metabolites/TPs in 8 WWTPs in North West Greece by performing target and suspect screening analysis. The findings revealed the presence of both parent compound and metabolites/TPs in wastewaters. Given, however, the scarce detection of omeprazole at fairly low concentration levels, from analytical and environmental point of view, further attention should be given to metabolites/TPs instead of the parent compound.
奥美拉唑是世界范围内最常被处方和使用的治疗胃肠疾病的药物之一。尽管奥美拉唑在全球范围内的消耗量很大，但它在城市废水中和环境水中很少被检测到。另一方面，其在环境中通过非生物过程形成的人类尿液代谢物和转化产物最近已被记录。尽管有这些可用的数据，但对于其在环境中的归宿和发生的程度、在废水处理厂中的消除机制和效率，仍缺乏信息。在这项研究中，模拟和太阳辐射下的光降解过程对奥美拉唑在环境中的持久性的相关性进行了研究。在蒸馏水、湖水、河水和海水中进行了光降解实验，结果表明，天然水中的不同基质显著影响所研究化合物的光解行为。总体而言，研究结果强调了太阳辐射的光降解过程对奥美拉唑从水生环境中的降解和消除有重要贡献。通过使用液相色谱高分辨率质谱，对通过该过程形成的转化产物进行了鉴定和阐明。总共鉴定出 7 种转化产物，其中 4 种也被检测为水解转化产物。微毒测试生物测定表明，太阳光解能有效地使奥美拉唑及其在水溶液中的转化产物解毒。最后，对希腊西北部的 8 个污水处理厂进行了目标和可疑筛查分析，以提供有关奥美拉唑及其代谢物/转化产物去除效率和存在情况的信息。研究结果表明，废水中存在母体化合物及其代谢物/转化产物。然而，鉴于奥美拉唑的检出浓度相当低，从分析和环境角度来看，应更多地关注代谢物/转化产物，而不是母体化合物。
