Kypraiou Aspa, Sarafis Pavlos, Tsounis Andreas, Bitsi Georgia, Andreanides Elias, Constantinidis Theodoros, Kotrotsiou Evaggelia, Malliarou Maria
Faculty of Nursing, Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, T.E.I. of Larissa Street, 411 10, Larissa, Greece.
Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, 15, Vragadinou Street, 3041, Limassol, Cyprus.
Mil Med. 2017 Mar;182(3):e1639-e1644. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-16-00299.
Retirement is a turning point in human life, resulting in changes to physical and mental health status. The aim of this study was to examine the factors that are related with depression and anxiety symptoms in Greek male veterans after retirement.
A total of 502 veterans participated in a cross-sectional study. Beck Depression Inventory for depression assessment and Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory for anxiety assessment were used. The Ethics Committee of the Technological Educational Institution of Thessaly granted permission for conducting the research, and informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Questionnaires were filled in electronically using a platform that was made for the specific research. Mean values, standard deviations, Student t test, nonparametric cluster analysis of variance, Pearson's and Spearman's coefficients, and linear regression were conducted, using the Statistical Program for Social Services version 19.0.
Severe depression was found in 3.8% of veterans with a mean score of 6.78, whereas 23.2% displayed mild-to-moderate symptoms of depression. Mean score of state anxiety was found to be 36.55 and of trait anxiety 33.60. Veterans who were discharged because of stressful working conditions, those who have a high body mass index, consume regularly alcohol, smoke and were not satisfied by changes in their everyday life after retirement had significantly more symptoms of depression and anxiety, although those who retired because of family problems had significantly more symptoms of depression. Multivariate linear regression analyses indicated that dissatisfaction related to lifestyle changes had statistically significant effect on symptoms of depression and anxiety, and stressful working conditions as a leading cause for retirement had statistically significant effect on depression. Finally, according to linear regression analyses results, those who were satisfied with their professional evolution had 1.80 times lower score in depression scale.
The sense of satisfaction derived from fulfilling work-related expectations when finishing a career, with changes in everyday life, and smoking and alcohol reduction, may contribute to a better adjustment during the retirement period. To our knowledge, this was the first study examining depression and anxiety levels in Greek veterans, and the sample size was large, covering a randomly chosen veteran population. On the other, it was a convenient sample, although the study results could not focus on direct-term effects of retirement (up to 3 years of retirement from active service). Primitive data may be used for research directions in the future.
退休是人生中的一个转折点，会导致身心健康状况发生变化。本研究旨在探讨希腊男性退伍军人退休后与抑郁和焦虑症状相关的因素。
共有502名退伍军人参与了一项横断面研究。使用贝克抑郁量表进行抑郁评估，使用斯皮尔伯格特质焦虑量表进行焦虑评估。塞萨洛尼基技术教育机构伦理委员会批准了本研究，并获得了所有参与者的知情同意。问卷通过专门为该研究制作的平台以电子方式填写。使用社会服务统计程序19.0进行均值、标准差、学生t检验、非参数方差分析、皮尔逊系数和斯皮尔曼系数以及线性回归分析。
3.8%的退伍军人患有严重抑郁症，平均得分为6.78，而23.2%表现出轻度至中度抑郁症状。状态焦虑平均得分为36.55，特质焦虑平均得分为33.60。因工作压力大而退伍的军人、体重指数高、经常饮酒、吸烟且对退休后的日常生活变化不满意的军人，抑郁和焦虑症状明显更多，尽管因家庭问题退休的军人抑郁症状明显更多。多元线性回归分析表明，对生活方式变化的不满对抑郁和焦虑症状有统计学显著影响，而作为退休主要原因的工作压力大对抑郁有统计学显著影响。最后，根据线性回归分析结果，对职业发展满意的人抑郁量表得分低1.80倍。
在职业生涯结束时，满足与工作相关的期望所产生的满足感、日常生活的变化以及减少吸烟和饮酒，可能有助于在退休期间更好地适应。据我们所知，这是第一项研究希腊退伍军人抑郁和焦虑水平的研究，样本量较大，涵盖了随机选择的退伍军人总体。另一方面，这是一个便利样本，尽管研究结果无法关注退休的直接影响（从现役退休最多3年）。原始数据可用于未来的研究方向。
