Moghadami Mohsen
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz Iran.
Iran J Med Sci. 2017 Jan;42(1):2-13.
Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by the influenza A or B virus. It often occurs in outbreaks and epidemics worldwide, mainly during the winter season. Significant numbers of influenza virus particles are present in the respiratory secretions of infected persons, so infection can be transmitted by sneezing and coughing via large particle droplets. The mean duration of influenza virus shedding in immunocompetent adult patients is around 5 days but may continue for up to 10 days or more-particularly in children, elderly adults, patients with chronic illnesses, and immunocompromised hosts. Influenza typically begins with the abrupt onset of high-grade fever, myalgia, headache, and malaise. These manifestations are accompanied by symptoms of respiratory tract illnesses such as nonproductive cough, sore throat, and nasal discharge. After a typical course, influenza can affect other organs such as the lungs, brain, and heart more than it can affect the respiratory tract and cause hospitalization. The best way to prevent influenza is to administer annual vaccinations. Among severely ill patients, an early commencement of antiviral treatment (<2 d from illness onset) is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality, with greater benefits allied to an earlier initiation of treatment. Given the significance of the disease burden, we reviewed the latest findings in the diagnosis and management of influenza.
流感是一种由甲型或乙型流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道疾病。它常常在全球范围内爆发和流行，主要发生在冬季。受感染人群的呼吸道分泌物中存在大量流感病毒颗粒，因此感染可通过打喷嚏和咳嗽经大颗粒飞沫传播。免疫功能正常的成年患者流感病毒排毒的平均持续时间约为5天，但可能持续长达10天或更长时间，尤其是在儿童、老年人、慢性病患者和免疫功能低下者中。流感通常以高热、肌痛、头痛和不适的突然发作为起始症状。这些表现伴有呼吸道疾病症状，如干咳、咽痛和流涕。在经历一个典型病程后，流感对肺部、大脑和心脏等其他器官的影响可能超过对呼吸道的影响，并导致住院。预防流感的最佳方法是每年接种疫苗。在重症患者中，早期开始抗病毒治疗（发病后<2天）与发病率和死亡率降低相关，治疗开始越早获益越大。鉴于疾病负担的严重性，我们综述了流感诊断和治疗的最新研究结果。
