Lammerding-Koeppel Maria, Giesler Marianne, Gornostayeva Maryna, Narciss Elisabeth, Wosnik Annette, Zipfel Stephan, Griewatz Jan, Fritze Olaf
University of Tuebingen, Faculty of Medicine, Competence Centre for University Teaching in Medicine Baden-Wuerttemberg, Tuebingen, Germany.
University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Competency Centre for Evaluation in Medicine Baden-Wuerttemberg, Freiburg, Germany.
GMS J Med Educ. 2017 Feb 15;34(1):Doc6. doi: 10.3205/zma001083. eCollection 2017.
After adoption of the National Competency-based Learning Objectives Catalogue in Medicine [Nationaler Kompetenzbasierter Lernzielkatalog Medizin, NKLM], the German medical faculties are asked to test the learning obejctives recorded in it and evaluate them critically. The faculties require curricular transparency for competence-oriented transition of present curricula, which is best achieved by systematic curriculum mapping in comparison to the NKLM. Based on this inventory, curricula can be further developed target-oriented. Considerable resistance has to be expected when a complex existing curriculum is to be mapped for the first time and a faculty must be convinced of its usefulness. Headed by Tübingen, the faculties of Freiburg, Heidelberg, Mannheim and Tübingen rose to this task. This two-part article analyses and summarises how NKLM curriculum mapping was successful at the locations despite resistance. Part I presented the resources and structures that supported implementation. Part II focuses on factors that motivate individuals and groups of persons to cooperate in the faculties. Both parts used the same method. In short, the joint project was systematically planned following the steps of project and change management and adjusted in the course of the process. From the beginning of the project, a Grounded-Theory approach was used to systematically collect detailed information on measures and developments at the faculties, to continually analyse them and to draw final conclusions. At all sites, faculties, teachers, students and administrative staff were not per se willing to deal with the NKLM and its contents, and even less to map their present curricula. Analysis of the development reflected a number of factors that had either a negative effect on the willingness to cooperate when missing, or a positive one when present. These were: clear top-down and bottom-up management; continuous information of the faculty; user-oriented support in the mapping process by reduction of the mapping categories, portioning and condensation of the NKLM via student pre-mapping (blueprint) and visibility of growing consent. Apart from that, there were a series of frequent questions, objections and concerns that could be countered strategically and by argumentation. They particularly referred to relevance, benefit, feasibility and effort of curriculum mapping. An overview of beneficial framework conditions, strategies and results from different points of view is achieved and interrelations are made visible. Based on literature results, the motivating factors as well as their implementation and effects in the faculties involved are critically reflected on. Recommendations can be derived that can support other faculties in practice.
在采用《德国医学基于能力的学习目标目录》（Nationaler Kompetenzbasierter Lernzielkatalog Medizin, NKLM）之后，德国医学院校被要求对其中记录的学习目标进行测试并进行批判性评估。各医学院校要求在以能力为导向的现有课程过渡中实现课程透明度，与NKLM进行系统的课程映射是实现这一目标的最佳方式。基于这一梳理，课程可以有针对性地进一步发展。当首次对复杂的现有课程进行映射时，预计会遇到相当大的阻力，而且必须让医学院校相信其有用性。在图宾根的牵头下，弗莱堡、海德堡、曼海姆和图宾根的医学院校承担了这项任务。这篇分为两部分的文章分析并总结了尽管存在阻力，但NKLM课程映射在这些地方是如何取得成功的。第一部分介绍了支持实施的资源和结构。第二部分重点关注促使个人和群体在医学院校中合作的因素。两部分都采用了相同的方法。简而言之，联合项目按照项目和变革管理的步骤进行了系统规划，并在过程中进行了调整。从项目一开始，就采用了扎根理论方法，系统地收集有关医学院校措施和发展的详细信息，持续进行分析并得出最终结论。在所有地点，医学院校、教师、学生和行政人员本身并不愿意处理NKLM及其内容，更不愿意映射他们目前的课程。对发展情况的分析反映出一些因素，这些因素缺失时会对合作意愿产生负面影响，存在时则会产生积极影响。这些因素包括：明确的自上而下和自下而上的管理；持续向医学院校提供信息；在映射过程中通过减少映射类别、通过学生预映射（蓝图）对NKLM进行划分和浓缩以及让越来越多的人达成共识的可见性等方式提供以用户为导向的支持。除此之外，还有一系列常见的问题、反对意见和担忧，可以通过策略性的应对和论证来解决。这些问题尤其涉及课程映射的相关性、益处、可行性和工作量。从不同角度对有益的框架条件、策略和结果进行了概述，并揭示了它们之间的相互关系。基于文献结果，对参与其中的医学院校中的激励因素及其实施和效果进行了批判性反思。可以得出一些建议，以在实践中支持其他医学院校。
