Addiction Switzerland Research Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Drug Alcohol Rev. 2017 Nov;36(6):742-750. doi: 10.1111/dar.12525. Epub 2017 Mar 13.
The practice and adverse consequences of pre-drinking have been documented within a dozen countries, but little remains known about the differences between countries or the country-specific determinants of pre-drinking. This study aims to estimate the percentage of pre-drinkers in different countries and the impact of country-level indicators such as the price of alcohol and the prevalence of drinkers and of heavy drinkers.
Using data from the Global Drug Survey, the percentage of pre-drinkers was estimated for 25 countries from 65 126 respondents. Bivariate and multivariate multilevel models were used to model the impact of the on-premise/off-premise drinks price ratio, the prevalence of current drinkers and of heavy drinkers on the percentage of pre-drinkers.
The estimated percentage of pre-drinkers per country ranged from 17.7% (Greece) to 85.4% (Ireland). Across all countries, the higher the prevalence of current drinkers, the higher the percentage of pre-drinkers. In addition, an interaction between the prevalence of heavy drinkers and the price ratio was found. In countries with a low price ratio, the higher the prevalence of heavy drinkers, the higher the percentage of pre-drinkers. The opposite effect was observed in countries with high price ratios.
Pre-drinking appears to be a worldwide phenomenon. The significant effects of all three indicators demonstrate the role of country-level determinants underpinning the prevalence of pre-drinking across countries. Policy makers could use the reported findings for initiating campaigns to reduce pre-drinking behaviour. [Labhart F, Ferris J, Winstock A, Kuntsche E. The country-level effects of drinking, heavy drinking and drink prices on pre-drinking: An international comparison of 25 countries.
在十几个国家都有记录表明存在预饮行为及其不良后果，但对于国家间的差异或预饮行为的特定于国家的决定因素知之甚少。本研究旨在估计不同国家的预饮者比例以及国家层面指标（如酒精价格和饮酒者以及重度饮酒者的流行率）的影响。
使用来自全球毒品调查的数据，从 65126 名受访者中估算了 25 个国家的预饮者比例。使用双变量和多变量多层模型来模拟现场/场外饮料价格比、当前饮酒者和重度饮酒者的流行率对预饮者比例的影响。
每个国家的预饮者比例估计值从 17.7%（希腊）到 85.4%（爱尔兰）不等。在所有国家中，当前饮酒者的流行率越高，预饮者的比例就越高。此外，还发现了重度饮酒者和价格比之间的相互作用。在价格比较低的国家，重度饮酒者的流行率越高，预饮者的比例就越高。在价格比较高的国家则观察到相反的效果。
预饮似乎是一种全球性现象。所有三个指标的显著影响表明了国家层面决定因素在国家间预饮流行率中的作用。政策制定者可以利用报告的发现发起减少预饮行为的运动。[Labhart F, Ferris J, Winstock A, Kuntsche E. 饮酒、重度饮酒和饮酒价格对预饮的国家层面影响：对 25 个国家的国际比较。
