Stam E M, van de Leemkule M A, Ernsting G
Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Oecologia. 1996 Aug;107(3):283-292. doi: 10.1007/BF00328444.
Three clones of Folsomia candida from different locations in Europe were compared in four experiments investigating genetic and phenotypic correlations between life-history traits. The first three experiments focused on the effects of food type, clone and temperature on traits associated with the first clutch. Differences in clutch size between clones and treatments were almost completely attributable to body size. Clones differed in length of the juvenile period, but the difference decreased at low temperatures. Age and weight at first reproduction were negatively correlated in the food type experiment and positively correlated in the temperature experiment, an often-encountered result for which no general explanation is as yet available. In the temperature experiment egg size variation was considerable, and was highest at low temperatures. The fourth experiment, with two clones at two feeding levels, aimed at finding trade-offs, in particular between reproduction and survival. It was hypothesized that higher fecundity led to increased scenescence through a higher metabolic rate. The trade-off was clearly present among the clones: one combined fast growth, late reproduction and high lifetime fecundity with lower survival, while in the other the relation between these traits was opposite. The proposed mechanism, however, was not confirmed, as no difference in metabolic rate was found. The effect of food level was too small to result in significant differences in the life-history traits in either of the clones.
对来自欧洲不同地点的三个白符跳克隆体进行了四项实验，研究生活史特征之间的遗传和表型相关性。前三项实验聚焦于食物类型、克隆体和温度对与第一窝相关特征的影响。克隆体和处理之间窝卵数的差异几乎完全归因于体型大小。克隆体在幼年期长度上存在差异，但在低温下这种差异会减小。在食物类型实验中，首次繁殖时的年龄和体重呈负相关，而在温度实验中呈正相关，这是一个常见结果，目前尚无普遍解释。在温度实验中，卵大小的变化相当大，在低温下最高。第四项实验使用两个克隆体，设置两个喂食水平，旨在寻找权衡关系，特别是繁殖和生存之间的权衡。假设较高的繁殖力会通过较高的代谢率导致衰老加速。克隆体之间明显存在这种权衡关系：一个克隆体生长快、繁殖晚、终生繁殖力高，但存活率较低，而另一个克隆体这些特征之间的关系则相反。然而，所提出的机制未得到证实，因为未发现代谢率存在差异。食物水平的影响太小，不足以在任何一个克隆体的生活史特征上产生显著差异。
