Diss A L, Kunkel J G, Montgomery M E, Leonard D E
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1125 N. Military Avenue, Box 10448, 54307, Green Bay, WI, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
Oecologia. 1996 Jun;106(4):470-477. doi: 10.1007/BF00329704.
North American gypsy moths disperse as newly hatched larvae on wind currents in a behavior called ballooning. Because ballooning occurs before neonates begin to feed, resources used in dispersal are limited to those carried over from the egg. We show that nutritional experience of the maternal parent can influence the tendency of offspring to disperse, and that resource provisioning of eggs by the maternal parent affects the duration of the window for disperal. Offspring of females from defoliated sites had a lower tendency to balloon in a wind tunnel than larvae from females which had not experienced nutritional stress associated with host defoliation. The number of eggs in an egg mass, a reflection of the maternal parent's nutritional experience, also contributed to the predictive model for dispersal that included defoliation level. Egg weight and the levels of two yolk proteins, vitellin (Vt) and glycine-rich protein (GRP), however, had no influence of the proportion of ballooning larvae. The length of survival without food, and thus the maximum period of time for dispersal, was correlated with levels of Vt and GRP, but not with egg weight. The level of defoliation at the site from which the maternal parent was collected was not related to the longevity of offspring, nor did it have a significant effect on the levels of Vt, GRP or egg weight. Levels of hemolymph proteins arylphorin and vitellogenin in the maternal parent during the prepupal stage had no influence on levels of yolk proteins, larval longevity, or tendency to balloon.
北美吉普赛蛾在一种被称为“气球样飘浮”的行为中，以新孵化的幼虫形态借助气流扩散。由于“气球样飘浮”发生在幼虫开始进食之前，扩散所消耗的资源仅限于从卵中携带的那些。我们发现母体的营养经历会影响后代的扩散倾向，并且母体对卵的资源供应会影响扩散窗口期的时长。来自落叶地区的雌蛾后代在风洞中“气球样飘浮”的倾向低于未经历与寄主落叶相关营养压力的雌蛾所产幼虫。卵块中的卵数反映了母体的营养经历，它也有助于构建包含落叶程度的扩散预测模型。然而，卵重以及两种卵黄蛋白——卵黄磷蛋白（Vt）和富含甘氨酸蛋白（GRP）的水平，对“气球样飘浮”幼虫的比例没有影响。无食物存活的时长，也就是扩散最长时间，与Vt和GRP的水平相关，但与卵重无关。采集母体的地点的落叶程度与后代的寿命无关，对Vt、GRP的水平或卵重也没有显著影响。蛹前期母体血淋巴中的芳基蛋白和卵黄原蛋白水平对卵黄蛋白水平、幼虫寿命或“气球样飘浮”倾向没有影响。
