Stout Jane C, Allen John A, Goulson Dave
Biodiversity and Ecology Division, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK e-mail:
Oecologia. 1998 Dec;117(4):543-550. doi: 10.1007/s004420050691.
We assessed the combined effects of varying the relative density and the relative floral morphological complexity of plant species on the behaviour of their bumblebee pollinators. Three species of bumblebee (Bombus pascuorum, B. terrestris and B. hortorum) were observed foraging on experimental arrays consisting of pair-wise combinations of four plant species: Borago officinalis, Phacelia tanacetifolia (both with simple flowers), Antirrhinum majus and Linaria vulgaris (both with complex flowers). Plant arrangements consisted of either two simple-flower species, a simple with a complex species or two complex species. The number of plants in each array was constant, while the frequency of each species was manipulated so that it was either rare, equal or common compared with its competitor. Contrary to predictions, rare plants were actually at an advantage in terms of the number of bees attracted per plant. However, rare plants were at a disadvantage in terms of pollen wastage because foragers more often went to a flower of another species after visiting a rare plant. The behaviour of bees on each plant species was further affected by plant floral complexity and the identity of the other species in the array. The three bumblebee species were markedly different in their foraging behaviour and in their responses to varying floral density and complexity. Each species preferred particular flower species. The results are discussed with reference to resource partitioning among bumblebee species.
我们评估了改变植物物种的相对密度和相对花形态复杂性对其熊蜂传粉者行为的综合影响。观察了三种熊蜂（帕斯夸尔熊蜂、地熊蜂和花园熊蜂）在由四种植物物种两两组合构成的实验阵列上觅食：琉璃苣、天蓝苜蓿（二者花均简单）、金鱼草和柳穿鱼（二者花均复杂）。植物组合包括两种简单花物种、一种简单花与一种复杂花物种或者两种复杂花物种。每个阵列中植物的数量是恒定的，而每个物种的频率经过操控，使其与其竞争者相比要么稀少、要么相等、要么常见。与预测相反，就每株植物吸引的蜜蜂数量而言，稀少植物实际上具有优势。然而，稀少植物在花粉浪费方面处于劣势，因为觅食者在访问稀少植物后更常飞向另一个物种的花朵。蜜蜂在每种植物物种上的行为还受到植物花的复杂性以及阵列中其他物种身份的进一步影响。这三种熊蜂物种在觅食行为以及对不同花密度和复杂性的反应方面明显不同。每个物种都偏好特定的花卉物种。结合熊蜂物种间的资源分配对结果进行了讨论。
