Roff Derek A
Biology Department, McGill University, 1205 Ave. Dr. Penfield, H3A 1B1, Montréal, Ouébec, Canada.
Oecologia. 1984 Jul;63(1):30-37. doi: 10.1007/BF00379781.
The widespread occurrence of wing polymorphisms in insects suggests that the possession of wings and ability to fly adversely affect components of the insect's life characteristics that contribute to its Darwinian fitness. This hypothesis was tested by an analysis of the differences in life history parameters of the macropterous and micropterous morphs of the two cricket species G. firmus and A. fasciatus. In both species there were no differences in development time or adult survival between the two morphs. Significant differences in head width were not consistent between the two species but in both sexes of G. firmus and females of A. fasciatus (insufficient males for analysis) long-winged individuals weighed more than short-winged individuals with the same head width. In both species egg production is delayed in macropterous females. The cumulative fecundity of the micropterous morph is greater than the macropterous morph in both species but only in G. firmus is the difference statistically significant. A. fasciatus frequently loose their wings but no such loss has been observed in G. firmus. There is a significant increase in egg production after the loss of the wings. These results are in accord with those of Tanaka (1976) for the cricket, Pteronemobius taprobanensis.Breeding experiments indicate that in G. firmus the wing polymorphism is under genetic control. The decrease in fecundity is sufficiently large that genotypes producing only macropterous offspring could only persist in highly unstable environments where continuous dispersal was imperative for survival. However, the reproductive cost of a genotype producing a small percentage of macropterous individuals is slight. The fitness that accrues to a genotype producing a few dispersing offspring is likely to offset the small reproductive cost and hence wing polymorphisms should be favoured.
昆虫中翅多态性的广泛存在表明，拥有翅膀和飞行能力会对昆虫生活特征的某些组成部分产生不利影响，而这些特征有助于其达尔文适应性。通过分析两种蟋蟀（坚实大蟋蟀和条纹艾氏蟋蟀）的长翅型和短翅型形态在生活史参数上的差异，对这一假设进行了检验。在这两个物种中，两种形态在发育时间或成虫存活率方面均无差异。两个物种之间头宽的显著差异并不一致，但在坚实大蟋蟀的雌雄两性以及条纹艾氏蟋蟀的雌性（雄性数量不足无法分析）中，头宽相同的长翅个体比短翅个体体重更重。在这两个物种中，长翅型雌性的产卵都会延迟。在这两个物种中，短翅型形态的累计繁殖力都大于长翅型形态，但只有在坚实大蟋蟀中，这种差异具有统计学意义。条纹艾氏蟋蟀经常失去翅膀，但在坚实大蟋蟀中未观察到这种情况。翅膀丧失后产卵量会显著增加。这些结果与田中（1976年）对蟋蟀细纹姬蟋的研究结果一致。育种实验表明，在坚实大蟋蟀中，翅多态性受遗传控制。繁殖力的下降幅度足够大，以至于只产生长翅后代的基因型只能在高度不稳定的环境中持续存在，在这种环境中持续扩散对生存至关重要。然而，产生少量长翅个体的基因型的繁殖成本很小。产生少数扩散后代的基因型所获得的适应性可能会抵消较小的繁殖成本，因此翅多态性应该受到青睐。
