Berryman A A, Stenseth N Chr, Isaev A S
Department of Entomology, Washington State University Pullman, 99164-6432, WA, USA.
Department of Biology, Division of Zoology, University of Oslo, Norway.
Oecologia. 1987 Jan;71(2):174-184. doi: 10.1007/BF00377282.
From basic principles of positive/negative feedback control and classical density-dependent/independent population theory we outline a general explanation for the regulation of herbivore populations in forested ecosystems. We identify three fundamental patterns of behavior; (i) populations regulated close to equilibrium ("tight" regulation) by fast-acting negative feedback processes, (ii) populations regulated by delayed negative feedback processes ("loose" regulation) which often exhibit wide-amplitude density cycles, and (iii) populations characterized by positive feedback processes over certain density ranges that may exhibit divergent (metastable) behavior. We then discuss the effects of these different kinds of herbivore population behavior on the dynamics of forest ecosystems and explore some elemental models of herbivore/forest interactions. Finally, using the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, as an example, we demonstrate how the theory can be used to explain the dynamics of specific herbivore populations and to develop general strategies for managing destructive herbivore outbreaks.
基于正/负反馈控制的基本原理以及经典的密度依赖/非密度依赖种群理论，我们概述了森林生态系统中食草动物种群调节的一般解释。我们识别出三种基本行为模式：（i）通过快速作用的负反馈过程在接近平衡状态下受到调节的种群（“严格”调节）；（ii）由延迟负反馈过程调节的种群（“宽松”调节），这类种群通常表现出宽幅的密度周期；（iii）在特定密度范围内以正反馈过程为特征的种群，可能表现出发散（亚稳态）行为。然后，我们讨论了这些不同类型的食草动物种群行为对森林生态系统动态的影响，并探讨了一些食草动物/森林相互作用的基本模型。最后，以云杉树皮甲虫（Ips typographus）为例，我们展示了该理论如何用于解释特定食草动物种群的动态，并制定管理破坏性食草动物爆发的一般策略。
