Takagi M
Division of Insect Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 812, Fukuoka, Japan.
Oecologia. 1987 Feb;71(3):321-324. doi: 10.1007/BF00378702.
Pteromalus puparum is a gregarious parasitoid of lepidopterous pupae. To determine in which phase of a host outbreak superparasitism occurs, field investigations were carried out on seasonal prevalence of the host, Papilio xuhtus, and parasitism by P. puparum in a citrus grove in Fukuoka, Japan in 1974. Host pupation occurred from May to November and the parasitoid attacked the host throughout this period. Pupal density increased rapidly after mid-August and the percentage parasitism decreased during this period. A high level of parasitism was attained after one or more parasitoid generations in mid-September. The superparasitism was observed after mid-September when the parasitoid attained extremely high density, and resulted in an increase in the proportion of males, high mortality, and a decrease in the size of the progeny.
蝶蛹金小蜂是鳞翅目蛹的群居性寄生蜂。为了确定在寄主爆发的哪个阶段会发生过寄生现象，1974年在日本福冈的一片柑橘园中，对寄主柑橘凤蝶的季节性发生率以及蝶蛹金小蜂的寄生情况进行了实地调查。寄主化蛹发生在5月至11月，在此期间寄生蜂均会攻击寄主。8月中旬后蛹的密度迅速增加，而在此期间寄生率下降。9月中旬经过一代或多代寄生蜂后达到了较高的寄生水平。9月中旬之后，当寄生蜂达到极高密度时观察到了过寄生现象，这导致雄性比例增加、死亡率升高以及后代体型减小。
